The research showed different trends in travel literature according to what each journey includes. There are journeys with a religious orientation, others with a geographical orientation only, a third with a civilizational orientation, a fourth written to document the trip itself, and so on. It also showed that this beautiful aspect of travel literature and what it includes in terms of descriptions of imagination and reality is of great importance in the field of literature and poetry, its great importance for several other disciplines, including historians and researchers in sociology, geography, philosophy, economics, politics, and others, by providing necessary information that is not obtained from the general books written in those fields.

Football This game has taken a large part of the rest of the sports games as it occupies the first place in terms of practitioners (amateurs, professionals) and spectators, as well as the abundance of its skills and the diversity of its plans, so the interest in it was exceptional in terms of its importance on the one hand and because it is the game that brings pleasure and joy to the hearts of its followers and practitioners on the other hand and has received huge views whether (inside or outside the stadium), it is natural that the player, coach or fan will be under great psychological pressure when compared to other sports games.

• Preparing a training program using the pendulum training method to develop some physical qualities and basic skills for youth football players.
• Knowing the effect of the pendulum training method in developing some physical qualities and basic skills for youth football players.
• The researchers used the experimental method (experimental design for two groups, the first control and the second experimental) using pre- and post-measurement, and the research community identified the young players in the Al-Jawhara Sports Club for football for the season) 2022-2023 (and the research sample was selected by simple random method, amounting to (20) players, and then they were divided into two control groups containing) 10) players and an experimental group containing (10) players as well.

The most important conclusions were

• The emergence of a clear development of the control and experimental groups in the physical qualities and basic skills of young football players.
• There is an advantage in the development of the physical qualities and basic skills of young football players in favor of the experimental group that used the pendulum training method.
• The use of any training method may positively affect the physical qualities and basic skills of young football players.

In this article, research by Uzbek psychologists emphasizes that parents should systematically organize education, taking into account the age and individual psychological characteristics of the child, and a sense of responsibility. In every family, parents should be well aware of the socio-psychological characteristics of their children, pay attention to who their children interact with, correct the negative aspects of their children's behavior so that the positive traits of their children appear, and parents should treat their children in the same way. , do not spoil the child too much, do not discriminate, take into account the factors that cause conflicts between parents and children, maintain friendly relations with them and follow strict rules when working with children, it is recommended to take, take into account the changes that are taking place, accept him as a person, do not blame him, do not criticize his actions and behavior. The purpose of this article is to highlight the main philosophical and psychological-pedagogical approaches to the problem of relationships between children and parents in the family.

This study examines the cultural significance of home video footage in Nigeria, highlighting its role as a vital medium for documenting and showcasing the nation’s diverse social, cultural, and historical narratives. In an era dominated by digital media, home videos have emerged as an accessible and personal means of storytelling, allowing individuals to capture everyday life, traditions, and communal experiences. This research explores how these videos serve not only as personal artifacts but also as cultural archives that reflect the complexities of Nigerian identity, family structures, and societal changes.

Through qualitative analysis of selected home video footage, the study investigates the themes of familial relationships, cultural practices, and local traditions as represented in these recordings. By analyzing the narratives constructed within these videos, the research reveals how they contribute to a broader understanding of Nigerian culture and identity, while also fostering a sense of community and belonging among viewers. Furthermore, the study discusses the implications of home videos for cultural preservation, emphasizing their potential to bridge generational gaps and promote the intergenerational transmission of values and histories.

Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of home video footage as a significant cultural artifact that offers insights into the lived experiences of Nigerians. It advocates for the recognition of these visual narratives as integral to the country's cultural heritage, positioning them as valuable resources for both academic scholarship and public appreciation. Through this exploration, the study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on media, culture, and identity in Nigeria, highlighting the unique ways in which home videos capture the essence of everyday life in this diverse nation.            

Colour carries a psychologically relevant meaning, and the colours we see affect our psychological performance. Colour-coding impacts learners’ cognitive processing as material-oriented interventions in multimedia learning. For educational purposes, colours can be used to stimulate neural activity, allowing pupils to learn, memorize, and retain new information more efficiently. Especially for those who are visual learners, the brighter the colours are, the more they are able to capture the attention for particular types of information. (Elliot and Maier: 2012).

Colour-Coding Strategy can help pupils make connections, gain knowledge and have a positive impact on attention inside the classroom. So it is not a kind of fun. Using such a strategy in teaching and learning grammar can be as simple as just asking your pupils to take out their booklets and colouring pens and markers.

The current research focuses on determining the effectiveness of using colour-coding as a better tool for learning sentence structure at the primary level.

In light of the aim, the research’s null hypothesis has been formulated to be tested. The design of one group has been adopted, pre and post-tests used. The sample includes (32) female pupils who are randomly selected from Qubat Al Sakhrah primary school in Mosul city.

Visual communication is a compound process, which requires broad knowledge of semiotics. Semiotics is the education of signs and symbols. In what way these signs and symbols are interpreted is studied under semiotics. It has many concealed signs and connotations, for example: brand name, logo, package design, color, punch line and trade mark, etc.

The present study presents one of the most significant philosophies and replicas of visual social semiotics, namely, Kress and van Leeuwen’s "Grammar of Visual Design". It involves the description of semiotic resources, what can be said and done with images (and other visual means of communication) and how things people say and do with images can be interpreted. Thus, the communicative values of signs in a caricature are a portrait with the volume turned up. A caricature is a painting, or more commonly a picture, of an object or item in which the characteristics and structure have been blurred and exaggerated to ridicule or satirize the topic. Thus the current study aims at studying some caricatures nonverbally through analyzing the image and colours of it.

The study tackles semiotics; specifically social semiotics, caricature, the elements of analyzing caricature, which are: image, word, and colour. The first part carries on the introduction of the current study as well as tackling the problem of the study, the literature review of semiotics in general and social semiotics in particular. The second part carries on the data and its analysis through the model, as well as the visual results, finally, giving the conclusion.

The research aims to know the impact of implementing tourism development plans on the natural reserve environment in Najaf Governorate. The tourism industry is one of the most important economic activities in the contemporary world, and it is one of the sources of income and a strong driver of its economic dimensions. It represents one of the tributaries of increasing economic growth, providing job opportunities, and solving the unemployment problem that most countries suffer from, including Iraq. Therefore, building foundations for comprehensive spatial development in unexploited natural areas is necessary, which helps develop plans for future tourism development to invest them environmentally and touristically. The city of Najaf has elements of tourist attractions, such as natural geographical phenomena. Still, it has yet to receive the required and appropriate attention, and tourism development faces many challenges. Based on all of this, the research problem emerged to determine the type of relationship between the research variables, which are tourism development plans, which are the independent variable, and the extent of their impact on the environment of natural reserves in Najaf Governorate, which is the dependent variable. Natural reserves are essential for preserving biological diversity, reducing the risk of extinction of threatened species, and ensuring ecosystem services. The researcher followed a methodology based on repeated field visits to the reserve and conducting personal interviews with its officials. The research sample included officials from the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment and several officials from Najaf Governorate. Among the most prominent results reached by the research is the importance of implementing tourism development plans as a mechanism through which the potential of the natural region can be exploited, contributing to its environmental and tourist development. The researcher reached a set of results and recommendations that would contribute to improving the environmental performance of the reserve.

This article discusses the prospects for the effective use of tourism potential and its opportunities in Uzbekistan. With its rich cultural heritage, historical monuments, and diverse natural landscapes, Uzbekistan has the potential to become one of the leading tourist destinations in Central Asia. The paper highlights the current state of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan, identifies challenges, and presents strategies for maximizing its potential. Key factors include infrastructural development, digital transformation, the promotion of eco-tourism, and investment opportunities. The study concludes that with the right policies and initiatives, Uzbekistan can significantly boost its tourism sector, contributing to sustainable economic growth.

This study explores the effectiveness of traditional and technological methods in vocabulary acquisition among intermediate-level English learners. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative data from pre-tests, weekly exams, and post-tests with qualitative insights gathered from surveys and interviews. Over a six-week period, 30 students participated in lessons utilizing both traditional teacher-led instruction and technological tools such as mobile apps and digital flashcards. The results revealed that while the traditional group showed steady but moderate improvement, the technological group experienced more rapid and significant gains in vocabulary retention. Interviews with participants highlighted the strengths and challenges of both methods, emphasizing the need for a blended learning approach. This study suggests that combining traditional and technological methods can offer a more comprehensive and effective learning experience, catering to diverse learner preferences and enhancing overall vocabulary retention.

This article talks about the emergence of a number of social and economic problems in China, which began to develop rapidly after transitioning to a market economy in the last quarter of the 20th century, and the policy of the Chinese government to solve these problems.

This study explores the intricate relationship between language and ideology in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus, focusing on how language serves as a vehicle for ideological expression and resistance within the narrative. The novel, set against the backdrop of political turmoil in Nigeria, reflects the complexities of familial and societal structures through its characters’ use of language. By employing a critical discourse analysis framework, this research examines the linguistic choices made by the protagonist, Kambili, and other characters, revealing how language shapes their identities, power dynamics, and perceptions of authority. The study highlights the dual role of language as both a tool for oppression and a means of liberation, illustrating how Kambili’s evolving relationship with language mirrors her journey toward self-assertion and empowerment. Furthermore, the analysis delves into the interplay between colonial language, indigenous dialects, and the implications of this linguistic diversity for the characters’ ideologies and cultural identities. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader discourse on language politics, emphasizing its significance in understanding the ideological constructs within Purple Hibiscus and their relevance to contemporary Nigerian society. Through this examination, the study underscores the transformative potential of language in challenging oppressive structures and fostering resilience among marginalized voices.     

The research dealt with the background of the research, the research problem, the importance of the research, the research objectives, the research hypotheses, the research limits, the research methodology, and the research terms. The first chapter dealt with the visual perception of shapes, the symbolic semantic formulation of the shape, the formulation of visually created shapes, the visual perception of shapes, the physiology of shape perception, the visual formulation, and the structural composition of the visual message, including the representative level, the abstract level, and the symbolic level, the semantic properties of images. The second chapter included the semantic meaning of shapes, the stages of the emergence of semantics, and the types of semantic meanings, which represent the basic cognitive meaning, the additional or secondary meaning, the stylistic meaning, the psychological meaning, and the suggestive meaning. Forms of meaning change include the specialization of meaning, generalization, and transfer of meaning. The third chapter dealt with the research experience, the intellectual aspect of the experience, the technical aspect of the experience, and the technical analysis of the results of the experience. The fourth chapter dealt with the results, recommendations, and references.