Thе tеасhing оf thе histоry оf реdаgоgy еnсоmраssеs а widе аrrаy оf instruсtiоnаl strаtеgiеs, rаnging frоm trаditiоnаl аррrоасhеs tо mоdеrn, tесhnоlоgy-еnhаnсеd mеthоds. This аrtiсlе еxаminеs thе strеngths аnd limitаtiоns оf thеsе mеthоds, inсluding lесturеs, tеxtbооk-bаsеd instruсtiоn, digitаl stоrytеlling, virtuаl rеаlity, аnd gаmifiсаtiоn. А соmраrаtivе аnаlysis highlights thеir imрасt оn studеnt еngаgеmеnt, ассеssibility, аnd lеаrning оutсоmеs. Thе findings suggеst thаt intеgrаting trаditiоnаl аnd mоdеrn mеthоds сrеаtеs а bаlаnсеd аррrоасh thаt саtеrs tо divеrsе lеаrning stylеs аnd fоstеrs dеереr undеrstаnding. Rесоmmеndаtiоns аrе рrоvidеd fоr еduсаtоrs tо аdорt а blеndеd mеthоdоlоgy tо еnhаnсе thе tеасhing аnd lеаrning оf реdаgоgiсаl histоry.

The current research aims to identify (the effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on synthetic awareness in developing reading comprehension skills among fourth-grade scientific students). To achieve the two objectives of the research, the research followed the descriptive and experimental approaches to suit the conditions of the research and its objectives. The research community was appointed in the Education Directorate of the Holy Karbala Governorate, and was chosen. The researcher randomly sampled students from Al-Muwakha Preparatory School for Boys. It consisted of (66) students distributed among the two research groups. To determine the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, the researcher prepared a reading comprehension skills test that included (30) items from a multiple-choice test. After ensuring its validity and reliability, the test was applied to The research sample was pre- and post-test. After analyzing the results, the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the post-test of reading comprehension skills. In light of the results, the researcher concluded that there is a clear relationship between syntactic awareness and the development of reading comprehension skills. The researcher recommended adopting the proposed strategy in teaching reading in... The preparatory stage. The researcher also suggested testing the effectiveness of the strategy in other variables.

This text explores the intersection of art and environmental advocacy, with a painting that reflects humanity's impact on nature and the urgent need for action against climate change. The artist frames the work as both a personal expression and a call to action, using symbolism to convey the fragility of life on Earth.

The central figure—a boy attempting to refill the Aral Sea—represents the struggle for ecological restoration, surrounded by extinct species and stark reminders of human-induced destruction. Surreal elements, such as an astronaut seeking new worlds and a bomber dropping candies, highlight the paradox of humanity’s innovation and self-destruction.

Through vibrant contrasts and evocative imagery, the painting invites viewers to reflect on their role in preserving our shared home. At its core, it is a plea for awareness, resilience, and change, affirming art’s power to inspire a sustainable future.

Climate changes and the effects that accompanied them and accompany them have become the main concern of the countries of the world in recent years, after they became an indisputable scientific fact, and a tangible reality that the countries of the world suffer from. First, they are not defined by geographical or political borders, and they are no less dangerous than wars and armed conflicts, but they are more influential second, as there is no country immune to the consequences of climate change, and developing countries, including our dear Iraq, remain at the forefront of the countries most affected by the effects of climate change, as the list of the governmental body concerned with climate change confirms.

The Turkish invasions of India, beginning in the early medieval period, marked a significant shift in the region’s political and military landscape. Central Asian Turkic military commanders, often enslaved individuals or descendants of slaves, played a pivotal role in the establishment of Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. This paper examines the initial Turkish invasions, the role of slave soldiers in these campaigns, and the subsequent rise of slave dynasties that would shape Indian history for centuries. Focusing on the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the study highlights the contributions of key figures such as Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammad Ghori, and the subsequent rise of slave-based regimes. The paper also explores the unique socio-political structure that emerged from the intermingling of Turkic military elites and the indigenous Indian populations. Ultimately, the study sheds light on how the Turkish invasions, driven by both military conquest and the institution of slavery, laid the foundation for the enduring impact of Islamic rule in India.      

There are natural and human factors that contributed to the emergence, growth and development of the city in a place devoid of resources, and a marginal desert location far from water, where there are no population attractions.The study of these factors confirmed the characteristics of the locality and location and their connection with the structure, existence and development of the city. Despite the importance of this factor in the emergence of Najaf, however, its role was weak compared to the relative impact of other factors, because the city of Najaf could not have continued and developed in such a position and location, in which the elements and components of the city are not available without the presence of other factors with a stronger and more effective impact, as well as the location takes a gradual elevation from East to West, so it is very difficult to dig open streams to deliver water This explains the factors and reasons that prompted the ancient inhabitants of Najaf to adopt certain types of ancient land uses, such as digging wells, creating underground rooms (basements), digging canals and shelters, erecting fences and Khans .the study showed that the religious factor was the main factor in the emergence of the city and giving it a religious character.

This article discusses the issues of developing citizens' moral qualities and increasing their social responsibility in society. The process of citizens' moral development, the formation of the state and society based on moral values, and the importance of education, upbringing, and normative-moral analysis for increasing social responsibility are analyzed. Furthermore, it examines the necessary measures for the social, legal, and moral development of citizens, as well as the role of democracy and the legal system in society.

This article informs about the importance of mobile language learning apps in modern teaching system. Moreover, the use of mobile app “Ibrat academy”, it’s advantages as self-study language learning tool.

This article analyzes the concept of entrepreneurship, its essence and place in the education system. The role of entrepreneurship in economic and social development, as well as the importance of forming entrepreneurial skills in the education system, is highlighted. The authors pay special attention to the integration of entrepreneurship into the educational process, the development of creativity, independence and responsibility in students through innovative approaches and modern curricula. The article also provides recommendations on the existing problems of developing entrepreneurship in the education system and ways to solve them.

Human potential is one of the most relevant topics to development issues, as it represents economic wealth and is an essential tool for achieving spatial development. Man is the means and goal of development and a practical element in determining development trends because population and development are two-way and interconnected. If population growth is explained by natural increase, migration, and mortality variables, these same variables explain the development process. Development is described as a complex and multidimensional process centered on a spatial container that contains it to show its effects in the surrounding environment but at varying degrees and levels embodied in human settlements. Therefore, spatial development topics have increasingly received the attention of scientific and human specializations due to their significant role in developing cities or regions and bringing about fundamental changes in light of the problems that have been exacerbated due to the high population increase. In Najaf Governorate, there are human potentials capable of creating spatial development, influenced by the role of demographic variables in the governorate, such as high annual population growth rates, geographical distribution, and high population density, as well as knowing the degree of their population concentration. To form a clear picture of the population, one of the tools for the success of development projects is based on their capabilities and density in the place.

This research is designed to provide valuable insights into the relationship between population and spatial characteristics, using available official statistics and data. The role of these demographic variables in influencing the development process in Najaf Governorate from (2012 to 2022) is a key focus. The research relies on a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the demographic variables of Najaf Governorate, serving as a fundamental scientific basis to present a clear picture and reveal the characteristics of the governorate's population and its impact on spatial development. The ultimate goal is to provide recommendations for effective spatial development based on demographic analysis.

The research's findings and proposals are of significant importance, as they provide valuable insights into the relationship between population and spatial development in Najaf Governorate. These findings and proposals have the potential to inform policy and practice in the region and beyond.

The disparity in population capabilities, resources, and functional characteristics of the districts of Najaf Governorate represents a natural state that can be exploited and invested in a way that leads to the development of the districts first and the governorate second, according to planning visions and based on each district's capabilities.

The study's most significant proposal was establishing a population database at the level of the governorate and its districts, whose data is updated periodically or annually, and redistributing the population of the governorate's district centers to achieve a balance in the distribution of population and services.

Ethnodramatics, a relatively new field of study, explores the intersection of performance theory and indigenous cultural practices, particularly in the context of African drama. This approach aims to bridge the gap between traditional performance forms and contemporary theatrical practices, offering a theoretical framework for understanding indigenous African drama. The study of ethnodramatics focuses on how indigenous knowledge, oral traditions, and cultural narratives are embodied and expressed through dramatic forms. By examining African theater through this lens, the paper argues that ethnodramatics not only preserves and honors indigenous traditions but also provides a platform for indigenous voices to engage with modern theatrical discourse. The paper will explore key concepts in ethnodramatics, its methodologies, and the impact of this approach on the future of indigenous African drama, highlighting how it can influence both academic theory and creative practice.         

Population growth is one of the most prominent demographic phenomena in the modern era. It also indicates the dynamic characteristic of empowerment, the results of which are a basis that is strongly relied upon in economic, social, and future planning by knowing the population size because the population community is characterized by a dynamic (mathematical) nature, which led to the emergence of numerical increase or decrease. Therefore, there is no static population community. On this basis, Kufa District was chosen to collect the population, which is determined by a period of (1977-2020). The main objective of the study was to shed light on the fact of directing the population to Kufa District and the local teams, according to its affiliated districts, by reading the numerical distribution and the sabi in the district as a whole in addition to the environmental distribution, and then achieving this goal through the goal, the population was distributed and eliminated for that period in the district as a whole, but what the district witnessed in its increasing population size during the mentioned period, except that the treatment of growth in it varies temporally and spatially with the stages of building the city continuously, and thus continuing the process of filtering the population according to the administrative districts, in the district with an analysis of the reason for the difference in population growth between the administrative districts in the district, which leads to the variation in population variance Between urban and rural areas for all periods of time, and the research was conducted on a collection of statistical and planning methods and means through the processes of inventory, accuracy, observation, and all data from their sources and analysis.

As for the most important findings of the research:

- The study showed that the Kufa district witnessed a large, existing, humid, and continuous population throughout the study period (1977-2020). This growth was evident in the population registration record, and their growth was for a reason. While the population in 1977 reached what was based on (50,815 people), it became in 2020 what was (208,436 people) due to the impact of the natural increase due to the population's increasing population and another due to migration from other governorates of the country.

The most important suggestions reached by the study:

Therefore, work on developing a brochure and population and functional policies to highlight the impressive population growth witnessed by the district. This strategy must secure what the city seeks: the basic and community infrastructure services and the success of the prominent force for residential areas.

Land and water names are a linguistic, historical, and cultural heritage that expresses an understanding of the worldview, lifestyle, customs, and geographical environment of the people who settled this territory. Toponymy is a mirror of people's lives. Our people, absorbed in a nomadic and sedentary lifestyle, were well-versed in the geographical environment, topography of the land, flora and fauna, and demonstrated their mastery in accurately describing them in their native language. The toponymy of the Kungrad district is based on geographical terms that indicate the natural and geographical features of the surrounding environment. The article deals with these issues.