Distance education has become one of the most significant transformations in the global educational system, especially in the context of rapid technological development and globalization. Initially designed to provide education for learners who were geographically separated from educational institutions, distance education has evolved into a comprehensive and flexible learning system supported by digital technologies. This article examines the concept of distance education, its historical development, main models, technological foundations, pedagogical advantages, and existing challenges. Special attention is paid to the impact of distance education on accessibility, quality of learning, and lifelong education. Furthermore, the article analyzes the role of distance education during global crises and discusses future trends, including artificial intelligence, adaptive learning systems, and digital inclusivity. The findings highlight that distance education is not merely an alternative to traditional education but an essential component of modern educational ecosystems.

Distance education, online learning, digital technologies

Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance Education: A Systems View of Online Learning. Wadsworth.

Anderson, T. (2008). The Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Athabasca University Press.

Holmberg, B. (2005). The Evolution, Principles, and Practices of Distance Education. Oldenburg.

Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-Learning in the 21st Century. Routledge.

UNESCO. (2020). Distance Learning Strategies in Response to COVID-19.