This article is aimed at studying special pedagogical approaches and methods of preparing children with alalia speech deficiency for literacy. Alalia is a severe speech disorder resulting from organic damage to the speech areas of the cerebral hemispheres, which sharply limits the development of oral speech in children and subsequently leads to serious difficulties in mastering written speech (reading and writing) skills. The article analyzes differential approaches used in preparing children with different forms of alalia for literacy. Problems with articulation and phonemic perception in children with motor alalia, and speech comprehension and auditory memory defects in children with sensory alalia complicate the process of learning to read. Therefore, traditional literacy teaching methods need to be adapted for these children and special methods need to be developed.