This article examines the challenges ESL learners face in mastering temporal expressions such as before, after, and while. These difficulties often stem from cross-linguistic interference, cognitive load, and limited exposure. The paper highlights common learner errors and presents effective teaching strategies, including storytelling, task-based learning, visual aids, grammar exercises, and feedback. By integrating cognitive and pedagogical approaches, the article offers practical solutions for improving learners’ accuracy and fluency in using temporal language.