In today’s digital economy, programming has become one of the most fundamental competencies for students in higher education institutions. As technological progress accelerates, industries increasingly demand graduates who possess not only theoretical knowledge but also practical programming skills, problem-solving abilities, and adaptability. Nevertheless, many students struggle with mastering programming due to its abstract nature and complex logic. Consequently, the effectiveness of educational methodology plays a decisive role in shaping students’ professional competencies. This article provides an extended analysis of the current challenges in teaching programming, explores international practices, and proposes methodological improvements such as project-based learning, gamification, and the integration of digital tools. The discussion emphasizes that methodological innovation is not a supplementary element but a necessary condition for preparing competitive graduates.