This study explores the intricate relationship between faction comprehension and tendencies toward impropriety within social and organizational contexts. Faction comprehension refers to individuals' understanding of the dynamics, beliefs, and behaviors associated with various groups, or factions, in society. As factions increasingly influence decision-making, behavior, and social interactions, understanding their impact on impropriety—defined as actions that violate ethical norms or societal expectations—becomes essential. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research combines qualitative interviews with quantitative surveys to assess how varying levels of faction comprehension affect individuals' propensity to engage in improper behaviors.

The findings indicate that individuals with a nuanced understanding of faction dynamics are less likely to exhibit tendencies toward impropriety, as such comprehension fosters critical thinking, empathy, and ethical decision-making. Conversely, a lack of faction comprehension may lead to misinterpretations of group norms, resulting in inappropriate behavior. The study also highlights the role of social identity and peer influence in shaping perceptions of impropriety within factions. By examining these dynamics, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how faction comprehension can mitigate impropriety and promotes the importance of fostering awareness of group dynamics in both personal and professional settings. The implications for policy-making, organizational behavior, and social cohesion are discussed, emphasizing the need for educational initiatives that enhance faction comprehension to promote ethical conduct and reduce impropriety across various domains.

This article analyzes issues related to the theoretical foundations of sentencing for multiple offenses. The article also examines the unique aspects of sentencing, including the application of principles that exist simultaneously in various areas of law. Specifically, the article highlights the application of general legal principles (legality, equality before the law), criminal law principles (justice, humanism, democracy, culpability, etc.), as well as special principles of criminal procedural law (administration of justice exclusively by the court, implementation of justice based on equality of citizens before the law and the court, respect for the honor and dignity of individuals, etc.) in the sentencing process.

This article is, dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the role of international organizations in ensuring the protection of property rights. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of property rights in the context of international law and analyzes the functions and mechanisms of various international organizations in the field of property rights protection. Special attention is, paid to the activities of the UN, WTO, WIPO, and regional organizations in this area. The article also explores the problems and challenges faced by international organizations in ensuring the protection of property rights and suggests ways to improve the effectiveness of their activities in this field.

The principle of interrogational fairness is a cornerstone of the rule of law and human rights protection, particularly within the framework of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This study examines the mechanisms through which the ECHR safeguards the rights of individuals during interrogation processes, focusing on the interplay between human dignity, the right to a fair trial, and protections against inhumane treatment. Through a critical analysis of relevant case law and legal provisions, the research highlights how the Convention establishes a framework that obliges member states to adhere to standards of fairness, transparency, and accountability in interrogation practices. The study also explores the challenges and limitations faced by the ECHR in enforcing these rights, particularly in the context of national security concerns and counter-terrorism measures. By analyzing the impact of the ECHR on interrogational practices across different jurisdictions, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the importance of safeguarding interrogational fairness as a fundamental human right. Ultimately, the findings underscore the necessity for continuous dialogue and reform to ensure that the principles enshrined in the ECHR are effectively implemented in safeguarding individual rights during interrogations in an evolving legal landscape.

The article highlights the history of the development of the concept of "professional consciousness," its development in traditional societies, during the Soviet period, during the period of independence, and the specifics of its formation in the processes of globalization and international integration, as well as the role of scientific research and innovative projects in the development of professional consciousness.

The peculiarity of disputes related to foreign persons is the existence of the need to perform some procedural actions abroad when considering cases of this category. Including gathering of evidence, notifying foreign persons staying abroad about the time and place of the trial, measures to secure the claim abroad, in addition, the regulation of material legal relations in dispute with foreign persons by foreign law or international law, etc.