This study aims to examine the modes, variables, and government initiatives associated with women's participation in Indian politics. Despite progress in recent years, women's representation in Indian politics remains low compared to their male counterparts. Understanding the factors that influence women's political participation is crucial for promoting gender equality and inclusive governance. This study utilizes a comprehensive literature review to analyze the various modes of women's political participation, including electoral representation, leadership roles, and grassroots activism. Additionally, it explores key variables such as societal norms, education, socio-economic factors, and cultural barriers that affect women's engagement in politics. Furthermore, the study examines the impact of government initiatives and policies aimed at enhancing women's political participation. The findings provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for increasing women's participation in Indian politics and inform strategies for promoting gender equality and inclusive governance.

This study examines the origins of party orientation and class alignment in Victorian voting during the 19th century. By delving into historical records, electoral data, and political discourse of the era, this research seeks to understand the factors that shaped party affiliations and class-based voting patterns. Through a comprehensive analysis of the socio-political landscape, economic conditions, and ideological shifts of the time, this study aims to shed light on the historical context that influenced the development of party orientation and class alignment in Victorian voting. The findings provide insights into the complex interplay between political ideologies, socioeconomic factors, and voter behavior, contributing to a deeper understanding of the historical roots of party politics and class-based voting patterns.

In this article, based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, the history of publishing a newspaper in the language of Bukharian Jews in Ferghana is considered. On the initiative of Rakhimim Davidbaev, one of the wealthy Bukharian Jews, in May 1910 in the town of Skobelev in the Ferghana Valley, a newspaper called "Rakhimim" began to appear - the first newspaper in the language of Bukharian Jews until July 1916, in which articles and poems, excerpts were published from Russian and Jerusalem Jewish newspapers, a chronicle of Turkestan life, internal Russian and foreign news, commercial information, feuilletons, congratulations, letters to the editor, references and announcements.

The services of the theater groups in the republic in the years of the Second World War in mobilizing the people to fight against fascism, providing cultural services to the population and thereby further increasing the productivity of labor are scientifically covered in this article based on the information in the Uzbek national newspapers published during the war.

In this article, the reforms carried out in the Republic of Uzbekistan  to increase the efficiency of  internal affairs bodies, to reliably protect public order, rights, freedoms and legal interests of citizens have been researched based on historical sources and normative- legal documents.

Party brand hate is a phenomenon that has gained attention in the political market, representing intense negative emotions and attitudes towards a political party. This study aims to unravel the antecedents and consequences of party brand hate. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from branding, political psychology, and consumer behavior, this research examines the factors that contribute to party brand hate, including ideological differences, political scandals, perceived incompetence, and negative word-of-mouth. Moreover, the study investigates the consequences of party brand hate, such as decreased political engagement, reduced party loyalty, and increased support for rival parties. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and empirical studies, this paper provides insights into the complex dynamics of party brand hate and its implications for political parties and the wider political landscape.

This article discusses the approaches of Afghanistan and Pakistan to the Durand Line, and the arguments of both sides in support of their positions.  Also, the views expressed by the official circles of Afghanistan and Pakistan, foreign and local scientists in this regard are described in detail.

This article investigates the phenomenon of political resistance encountered by social reforms, with a specific focus on the case of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India. The UCC aims to replace personal laws based on religious traditions with a uniform set of civil laws applicable to all citizens, thereby ensuring equality and justice. However, the implementation of the UCC has faced significant opposition from various political and religious groups. This article analyzes the underlying causes of political resistance, explores its implications for social reforms, and offers potential strategies for addressing and overcoming these challenges. By understanding the dynamics of political resistance to the UCC, policymakers and stakeholders can make informed decisions to advance social reforms and foster a more inclusive and equitable society.

Globalization, the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of States, the integration of their economies, and the internationalization of all spheres of public life are among the most characteristic features of our time. It is this factor that underlies the transformation of national-traditional societies and the modernization of their political institutions.

In the  history  of  Uzbek  statehood  The  Khorezmshahs, who  were  of  great  importance,  were a  state  with  great  borders. Under  such  conditions,  in  the early  13th  century,  Genghis  Khan united  the  Mongols in  a  single  state on  the  territory of  present  day  Mongolia. The  territories  of  the  two  great  kingdoms remained adjacent,  and  so  he  wanted  to  expand his  territory  even  further.  Gengis  Khan  and  Khorezmshah Alouddin  Muhammad  began  to  prepare  for  battle  againts each  other.  This  article discusses  the  relations of  Genghis  Khan and  the  Mongols with  the  Khorezmshah state,  their attacks  and  their  consequences.

The article describes the state of cattle breeding in the Namangan region during the Great Patriotic War, the importance of horses in agriculture, the dynamics of the increase and decrease in the number of livestock in Uzbekistan, in particular the Namangan region, the activities of livestock farms in the region based on the analysis of primary documents.

In this article, Amir TEMUR, a great general and patron of science, who established a great kingdom in his time, took a worthy place in Uzbek statehood and world history, and the place and role of Temur in Uzbekistan and World historiography is talked about. Some information about the fact that he left an indelible mark in history as the ruler of the state and patron of science, and about the scientific researches that studied Sahibqiran and its history in world history.