This scientific article briefly examines the architectural elements and artistic decor inherent in the architecture of the city of Samarkand, which has existed since ancient times and is relevant at the present time. In particular, the work talks about such decorative elements as izora, frieze, shelves, showcase, dahana, ceiling, arch, altar, honor, book, chain, tulip, orange, etc., as well as their functions in architecture.

The article examines and studies the important mechanisms of creating an influential political speech. It is worth noting that influential speeches have historically played an important role in the development of humanity and have become a part of our lives today. Political speeches have served as an important tool for leaders to express their opinions, mobilize supporters, and shape public opinion. The art of political oratory is widespread in today’s conditions, from large election rallies to television and social media platforms. The article covers the historical development of influential speech and the importance of political speech, the problems that hinder the preparation and delivery of an influential and meaningful speech, and the mechanisms for preparing a political speech.

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the Indian Journal of the History of Science (IJHS) to uncover historiographic patterns and trends in the field of history of science in India. By analyzing a comprehensive set of articles published in the journal, the study examines key trends in terms of publication frequency, author productivity, thematic focus, citation analysis, and regional contributions over time. The findings highlight the evolving scope of the journal, from early studies on classical Indian science to contemporary research on modern scientific practices in India. The analysis also explores the global influence of Indian historiography in the field, shedding light on cross-disciplinary intersections and the development of new research agendas. Additionally, the study identifies gaps in the literature and suggests future areas for research. This bibliometric approach provides valuable insights for researchers, historians, and policymakers, contributing to the advancement of historiography in the history of science.

Since the emergence of humanity, governance relations have taken different forms in different eras and have been formed in different ways. As the world community became more modern, the ways of forming the administration became more democratized. Today, people's participation in the formation of state administration is carried out through free, democratic and transparent elections. We can observe that the characteristics of the electoral system are manifested in different ways in different countries of the world. Studying the importance of the political party institution in the formation of state administration through elections is one of the urgent tasks of modern political science.

In our country, in recent years, the importance of civil society institutions, in particular political parties, has been increasing in shaping the system of public administration. As a result of reforms, political parties have become the main institutions that form the government, along with the presidential and parliamentary institutions, which has further increased its influence.

This article explores the historical significance of the Praetorian Guard, the elite military unit formed to protect Roman emperors and their families. Tracing its origins, the article examines the Guard's various functions, including its roles in security, military operations, and ceremonial duties. It also delves into the political influence wielded by the Praetorian Guard, highlighting pivotal moments of power shifts, including coups, assassinations, and the unit's impact on the stability of the Roman Empire. Through an analysis of key events, the article illustrates how the Praetorian Guard evolved from a protective force to a politically significant entity that shaped the course of Roman history.