This study explores the complexities of Afghanistan’s governance structure following the Bonn Agreement of 2001, which marked a significant turning point in the nation’s political landscape. By examining the challenges and opportunities that have emerged in the post-Bonn era, this research highlights key themes such as state-building, institutional development, security concerns, and the role of international actors. Employing a mixed-methods approach that includes qualitative interviews with political analysts, government officials, and civil society representatives, alongside a review of existing literature and policy documents, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the successes and failures of governance in Afghanistan. The findings indicate that while the Bonn Agreement laid the groundwork for democratic institutions, persistent challenges such as corruption, ethnic divisions, and security threats have hindered effective governance. Conversely, opportunities for reform and sustainable development persist, particularly through grassroots movements and increased civic engagement. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on Afghanistan’s governance by offering insights into the evolving political dynamics and suggesting pathways for future improvements in governance and stability.

Adekanbi's (2024) study analyzes economic development in Mexico and Nigeria using an innovative methodology combining regression analysis and structural change detection. Key findings for Mexico reveal that while external debt has minimal impact on GNI, welfare spending significantly boosts growth, and FDI offers moderate benefits with potential for greater local impact. The study addresses violence as a critical challenge, proposing reforms in housing, urban planning, anti-corruption measures, and societal re-orientation campaigns. With actionable, data- driven recommendations, the research provides policymakers with practical strategies to enhance Mexico’s economic resilience and address social challenges.

This article explores the legal views of Imam al-Maturidi on the practice of saying "Ameen" after prayer within the context of Islamic jurisprudence. Imam Maturidi, a prominent theologian and jurist, is well known for his contributions to the Hanafi school of thought, and his interpretations of Islamic law emphasize reason and rationality. This study examines how Imam Maturidi addresses the utterance of "Ameen" following the recitation of Al-Fatiha during the congregational prayer (Salat). The article analyzes the theological and jurisprudential significance of "Ameen" in his writings, particularly focusing on whether it is an obligatory or recommended act, and how it aligns with his broader understanding of prayer rituals. Additionally, it discusses how Maturidi’s views contrast with those of other juristic schools, offering insights into the nuances of legal reasoning in Islamic ritual law. The paper concludes by highlighting the flexibility in Islamic legal tradition, showing how Maturidi’s reasoning offers a bridge between strict adherence and the allowances for personal preference in ritual practice.

In the years of independence, the cultural life of the Khiva Khanate was studied based on new data. The history of the political, economic, and cultural relations of the peoples of the Khorezm oasis at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century was analyzed in the works of some ethnographers, historians, and orientalists, published at various times.

This article examines the role and importance of the new electoral system. This year, the Republic of Uzbekistan held elections for the first time under a new mixed electoral system, which will combine elements of the majoritarian and proportional electoral systems. In previous years, parliamentary elections in Uzbekistan were held under a majoritarian system, which provided for the creation of single-mandate constituencies and voters voting for specific candidates from parties represented in a particular constituency.

This article examines the social and political life of the formation of the culture of gentes in the societies of the Shark. The appearance of gender culture, the means of development of society, the work aimed at ensuring gender equality, institutional foundations, historical and economic factors were considered. The results of the study should reveal the products that include gentes in the spaces of the Shark.

The article is dedicated to one of the most voluminous works by Imam Bukhari on the history and biographies of narrators, the “At-Tarikh al-Kabir.” Additionally, it provides information about the narrators from Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) mentioned in the book. It is known that Imam Bukhari’s “At-Tarikh al-Kabir” is a biographical source that includes some information about hadith narrators. Imam Bukhari included information about all the narrators he knew.

In this article, the study of pan vessels recorded as a result of the research conducted in the Djarkutan monument of the Sopolli culture of the Bronze Age, the size, functions, stages of development, distribution geography of these types of vessels is compared with the findings of the Bronze and later periods of other cultures, and at the same time, their In addition to making brief comments about the periodic dates, it was mentioned that pans were the same, i.e. circular, in all stages of the Sopolli culture, and pans, like pots, did not change in shape at all stages of the Sopolli culture.

National economic security has emerged as a critical component of broader security strategies in contemporary geopolitics, where economic policies and decisions are increasingly framed through the lens of securitization. This paper critically examines the politics of securitization in relation to national economic security, investigating how economic issues such as trade, finance, resources, and infrastructure are being treated as national security concerns. Drawing on the securitization theory, this study analyzes how economic challenges—ranging from supply chain vulnerabilities to cyber threats in finance—are redefined as existential threats to the stability and sovereignty of nations. The paper explores the implications of this shift, highlighting both the potential benefits and risks associated with framing economic issues in security terms. By reviewing case studies from various global contexts, this research aims to understand the consequences of securitizing economic matters and the political dynamics that shape such decisions. Ultimately, the paper argues that while securitization can offer strategic advantages in addressing economic vulnerabilities, it also raises significant questions about governance, state power, and individual freedoms, urging a careful balance between economic policy and security measures.