The historical relationship between India and Afghanistan has been shaped by centuries of cultural exchanges, strategic alliances, and political conflicts. Situated at the crossroads of Central and South Asia, both nations have shared a complex and intertwined history, particularly through the influence of the Silk Road. This paper explores the evolution of Indo-Afghan relations from the ancient period to modern times, highlighting key moments such as the spread of Buddhism, the impact of the Mughal Empire, colonial encounters, and the geopolitical tensions of the 20th and 21st centuries. By examining the trade routes, military conflicts, and diplomatic engagements, this study delves into how historical events have shaped the bilateral ties between India and Afghanistan. It also explores the impact of external powers and shifting regional dynamics on their relations. Through a historical lens, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the legacy of the Silk Road and beyond continues to influence contemporary Indo-Afghan relations.

The article examines the issues of noticeable diversification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's approach to a number of issues of a domestic political, regional and international nature. It tells about the individual methods used by the specified country to achieve strategic objectives. Modern Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy is characterized by a strategic shift towards greater assertiveness and diversification. Under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the kingdom has pursued initiatives such as Vision 2030, aiming to reduce oil dependency and enhance economic resilience. KSA plays a crucial role in regional conflicts, notably in Yemen and Syria, while strengthening alliances with Western powers and emerging nations like China. The kingdom also seeks to enhance its global image through cultural diplomacy and investments in technology and tourism. However, its human rights record and involvement in regional tensions pose challenges to its international standing.

The article analyzes public participation in the criminal procedure of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the legal foundations, practical significance, and challenges of involving citizens and public organizations in crime investigation. Emphasis is placed on their role in preliminary investigations, with recommendations for improving legal regulation.

The text highlights the creation of a monumental painting titled New Uzbekistan by Oybek Islamov, commissioned by the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis to symbolize Uzbekistan's historical legacy and modern aspirations. The artwork celebrates the nation's cultural heritage and transformation, featuring legendary figures like Amir Temur and Mirzo Ulugbek alongside contemporary elements. Islamov's work combines artistic brilliance, historical depth, and emotional resonance, reflecting national pride and unity.

India, with its vast territorial expanse and rich cultural history, is home to a remarkable diversity of languages and regional identities. This paper explores the intersection of regionalism and linguistic diversity in India, examining how language functions as both a unifying force and a source of tension within the nation's political and social landscape. India officially recognizes 22 languages under the Eighth Schedule of its Constitution, but the actual number of languages spoken across the country is far greater, with estimates ranging from 700 to over 1,600 distinct languages. This study investigates the role of language in regional identity formation, the challenges of linguistic diversity in governance and education, and the political movements that have emerged around language issues. By analyzing historical, sociocultural, and political factors, the paper highlights how linguistic diversity influences regionalism, state formation, and national unity in India. The study also addresses contemporary debates surrounding language policy, the protection of endangered languages, and the role of language in India’s globalization era.

This article is based on the socio-political necessity of developing the spiritual activity of society in the process of democratization and liberalization of activities of civil society institutions, deepening their socio-political and socioeconomic reforms. According to the author, centers and public-educational institutions engaged in socio-political activities are today becoming real «centers of intelligence», and society is important to raise spiritual activity to the first basis in the social environment.

In this article, the real situation of the medical and health measures implemented in the labor protection of the workers of the industrial enterprises operating in Andijan region in the 1947s-1970s of the last century and the labor conditions of the workers and servants, engineers and technicians of these measures are discussed. information about its importance in ensuring protection is provided.

The article provides an interpretation of the domestic and foreign policy activities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia within the framework of the national program “Vision 2030” It presents information on measures taken in the country in various areas in response to the Ukrainian-Russian conflict, as well as efforts to improve national economic sectors, increase the potential of the chemical industry, and strengthen the country’s defense capabilities. Additionally, based on an analysis of emerging processes, the article offers insights into the justification for collective initiatives of Central Asian countries and the pragmatic actions of the Republic of Uzbekistan in ensuring national and overall regional security.

This article is dedicated to the scientific and theoretical views of the talented professor N. Shukurov. For this purpose, various pamphlets of the scientist published during the 60s-90s are taken as an object, and through them, his creative researches, scientific and literary thoughts, and artistic analyzes of the poetics of some works are discussed.