Coleoptera, commonly known as beetles, represent the largest order of insects, with over 350,000 described species occupying diverse ecosystems worldwide. Their ecological roles are crucial for maintaining environmental balance, as they function as herbivores, predators, decomposers, and pollinators. This article explores the habitat diversity of beetles, their feeding ecology, reproductive strategies, and interactions within ecosystems. Additionally, it examines the adaptive mechanisms that enable Coleoptera to thrive in various environmental conditions. Human activities, including habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution, significantly impact beetle populations, raising concerns about biodiversity conservation. Understanding the ecological significance of Coleoptera is essential for assessing ecosystem health and developing effective conservation strategies.  

Coleoptera, beetles, ecology

Bouchard, P., Smith, A. B., Douglas, H., Gimmel, M. L., Brunke, A. J., & Kanda, K. (2017). Biodiversity of coleoptera. Insect biodiversity: science and society, 337-417.

Ghannem, S., Touaylia, S., & Boumaiza, M. (2018). Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) as bioindicators of the assessment of environmental pollution. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(2), 456-464.

Marshall, S. A. (2018). Beetles: the natural history and diversity of Coleoptera (p. 784). Buffalo, New York Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books.

McKenna, D. D., & Farrell, B. D. (2009). Beetles (Coleoptera). The timetree of life, 278, 289.

Ponomarenko, A. G. (2003). Ecological evolution of beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(Suppl), 319-328.