In the context of modern labor relations, workplace stress has become one of the most significant socio-psychological and managerial challenges faced by organizations. Increasing workload, time pressure, professional uncertainty, digitalization, and labor market instability have a negative impact on employee health. This article provides a theoretical and analytical examination of the concept of workplace stress, its effects on employees’ physical and mental health, and management strategies aimed at ensuring sustainable organizational performance. The study highlights the importance of organizational-level and individual-level stress management strategies and substantiates the close relationship between employee well-being and long-term organizational sustainability.