This article discusses the concept of infrared medical thermometers used in medicine and their use.

This paper investigates the intricate roles that time and space play in literature, examining how these fundamental dimensions shape narrative structures, influence character development, and convey thematic depth. Time and space are not merely backdrops for literary action but are integral to the storytelling process, providing frameworks within which narratives unfold and meaning is constructed.

The analysis begins by exploring how different literary genres and periods approach the concept of time. From linear progressions and cyclical patterns to fragmented or nonlinear narratives, the manipulation of time reveals much about an author’s intentions and the thematic concerns of a text. For instance, modernist literature often challenges traditional chronological storytelling to reflect the fragmented nature of human experience, while postmodern works might deconstruct time entirely to blur the boundaries between past, present, and future.

Similarly, the spatial dimensions in literature—encompassing both physical settings and conceptual spaces—are crucial for creating atmosphere and advancing plot. The paper examines how authors use space to symbolize broader themes, such as isolation, freedom, or conflict, and how the portrayal of settings can influence readers' interpretations of the narrative. By analyzing key works across various genres, including realism, fantasy, and dystopian fiction, the study highlights how spatial constructs shape the reader’s engagement with the text and reflect societal and cultural contexts.

Ultimately, this exploration underscores that time and space are not static elements but dynamic forces that interact with characters and plot to create a rich tapestry of meaning. By delving into these categories, the paper aims to offer a deeper understanding of how literary works use temporal and spatial dimensions to enhance narrative complexity and resonate with readers on multiple levels.

The article emphasises the value of storytelling for cultivating speaking competence and how to aply successfully these tactics while teaching.

This article gives a broad opinion about the color component word combinations and talks about their specific aspects, psychological, socio-political features, and their use in speech acts. Also, the article presents a pragmatic analysis of word combinations which are expressed with the same and different color components in different languages. The analysis is enriched with examples in English and Uzbek languages.

As a result of large-scale international communication, due to the growing scientific and technical process and globalization, attention has recently begun to be paid to the cultural aspects of these relations. The need to study intercultural communication has increased. Naturally, such communication is characterized by a clash of different cultures, and this, in turn, creates some barriers to communication. Currently, the change of the linguistic and cultural paradigm, rapidly developing times and globalization require paying attention to linguistic issues, but also to its cultural aspects. The solution of complex connections between language and culture requires a comprehensive linguocultural approach.

This article discusses the difference between the concepts of discourse and text, the typology of discourse, types of person-oriented discourse, everyday discourse and its uniqueness.

The advent of digital technology has transformed communication, giving rise to new linguistic patterns across various languages. This article explores the linguistic aspects of electronic communication, focusing on English, Uzbek, and Russian languages. Through a comparative analysis, this study examines how language structures, slang, abbreviations, and cultural influences manifest in digital communication within these languages. The findings highlight the interplay between language and technology, revealing both commonalities and unique characteristics in how these languages adapt to electronic communication.

Critical thinking needs to be taught and implemented in higher education, especially in teacher education program.  It is because student teachers are going to teach this skill to their students at school as well. The critical, higher-order thinking and reading-for-meaning skills development are imperative to allow learners to become active participants in this changing world. In this work, we paid attention teachers’ responses and strategies to improve learners’ comprehension through developing critical, higher-order thinking skills.

The Indian railway system, one of the largest and busiest in the world, plays a critical role in the nation's economic and social infrastructure. Effective management of railway operations requires precise and comprehensive estimates for budgeting, planning, and resource allocation. This abstract examines the role and challenges associated with railway estimates in India, focusing on the methodologies, issues, and impacts of these estimates on the railway sector's efficiency and development.

Role of Railway Estimates

Railway estimates are essential for the planning and execution of infrastructure projects, operational budgeting, and long-term strategic development. They provide detailed forecasts and financial projections that guide decision-making processes for railway expansions, maintenance, and modernization projects. Accurate estimates help ensure that projects are completed within budget and on schedule, facilitating the efficient allocation of resources and minimizing cost overruns.

In India, railway estimates are used to plan and execute a wide range of projects, including the construction of new tracks, station upgrades, and the introduction of advanced technologies. These estimates also support financial planning by projecting revenue and expenditure, allowing the Indian Railways to manage its finances effectively and plan for future growth.

Challenges in Railway Estimation

Despite their importance, railway estimates in India face several challenges. One major issue is the complexity of accurately forecasting costs for large-scale infrastructure projects. Factors such as fluctuating material prices, changes in labor costs, and unexpected environmental conditions can lead to significant deviations from initial estimates. Additionally, the vast scale and geographical diversity of India's railway network add to the difficulty of creating precise estimates.

Another challenge is the integration of new technologies and modernization efforts into existing systems. The adoption of advanced technologies, such as high-speed trains and digital signaling systems, requires updated estimates that account for both the initial investment and long-term operational costs. Ensuring that these estimates are accurate and reflective of current technological advancements is crucial for successful project implementation.

Moreover, bureaucratic delays and inefficiencies in the approval process can impact the accuracy and timeliness of railway estimates. Lengthy procedures for project approvals and funding disbursements can lead to cost overruns and delays in project completion. Streamlining these processes and improving coordination among stakeholders are essential steps to address these challenges.

Impact of Accurate Estimates

Accurate railway estimates have a significant impact on the overall efficiency and effectiveness of railway operations. Well-prepared estimates contribute to better project planning, resource management, and financial stability. They enable the Indian Railways to undertake ambitious infrastructure projects, enhance service quality, and meet the growing demands of passengers and freight.

Furthermore, reliable estimates help build stakeholder confidence and support for railway projects. When estimates are accurate and transparent, they foster trust among investors, government agencies, and the public, facilitating smoother project execution and greater support for railway initiatives.

This article analyzes the basis of formation of phraseological units used in "Qisasi Rabguzi". Phrases formed on the basis of somatisms in the work are analyzed.

The article presents a study on the problem of developing reflective competence of university students. The purpose of the article is to determine pedagogical conditions aimed at the effective formation of students’ reflective competence. The methodological basis of the process under consideration is the competency-based and reflexive-activity approaches. As the main research methods, the author used analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, conceptual analysis, and analysis of regulatory documents, testing, surveys, and statistical methods of primary processing of materials, generalization of experience at universities. The authors identified a connection between the concepts of “professional competence” and “reflective competence” of students. They substantiated the need to develop the reflective competence of students as one of the fundamental professional competencies. We identified external and internal pedagogical conditions as circumstances of the learning process that influence the preparation of students for subsequent professional activities and ensure the effectiveness of the training process. The article shows the stages of the formation process; the levels of formation of reflexive competence; indicators that characterize each level are presented. The authors describe diagnostic tools that allow determining the level of reflective competence of students. The relationship between the achieved level of development of reflective competence and the success of students in educational and cognitive activities has been revealed. It is noted that for the successful formation of reflexive competence as a component of the professional competencies of graduates of a university, it is necessary to organize in a special way the conscious reflexive cognitive activity of students.

This article examines the realistic depiction style in artistic literature, the art of creating images, and the unique methods of conveying social life scenes in a credible manner to the reader, using the works of Shukur Khomirzaev as an example.

The article provides an analysis of the linguistic characteristics of dramatic works, as well as the analysis of the linguopoetic characteristics of the dramas "Jalaluddin Manguberdi" and "Mirzo Ulugbek" by Maqsud Shaykhzoda as an example of type and genre.

In order to increase the activity of students in the modern education system, methods of using new pedagogical technologies in teaching Russian, the ability to objectively control and evaluate the student's knowledge are presented.

Primary classes are preparatory stages for the study of word formation of the morphemic composition of a word according to the native language program, the task of the stage is to prepare students to understand the connection of words with the same basis in meaning and structure.