In today’s era of globalization, the expansion of socio-economic and cultural relations among countries, as well as ongoing processes of national development, has led to noticeable changes on the world’s geographical map. These shifts have brought forward a range of issues related to the representation of place names in geographic maps, diplomatic documents, and other official records across different languages, as well as the ways in which these names are adapted and transferred from one language to another. This, in turn, necessitates a thorough investigation of the principles governing the transliteration of place names—toponyms—across linguistically diverse systems.

Toponyms, formed throughout the historical development of human society, reflect not only geographical realities but also the worldview, cultural values, and identity of their linguistic communities. In particular, the names of capital cities, historically significant urban centers, major tourism destinations, and religious hubs are actively used in multilingual communication worldwide. Such macrotoponyms spread broadly into other languages and, as culturally bound realia, must be transferred as faithfully to the original as possible. For this reason, their transliteration occupies a distinct and important place.

However, significant challenges arise in transliterating toponyms from one language into another due to differences in linguistic structure, phonetic systems, letter inventories, as well as variations in orthoepic and orthographic norms. This article discusses the fundamental principles of transliteration and analyzes the challenges associated with rendering macrotoponyms from various countries into other languages in forms that are maximally close to their authentic originals.

Onomastics, toponyms, macrotoponyms, microtoponyms

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