Human language manifests primarily through two distinct modalities: oral (spoken) and scripted (written) communication. While both serve as fundamental vehicles for thought, expression, and information exchange, they possess unique characteristics shaped by their evolutionary trajectories, cognitive demands, and functional applications. This comprehensive linguistic analysis systematically explores the profound differences between these modalities across various linguistic levels, including phonology/graphology, morphology, syntax, lexis, semantics, and pragmatics. Furthermore, it delves into their distinct acquisition processes, cognitive underpinnings, and socio-cultural roles. By meticulously dissecting these divergences, this article aims to illuminate the intricate ways in which the medium of communication fundamentally influences its structure, interpretation, and overall impact on human interaction and knowledge transmission. The insights derived underscore the necessity of recognizing these distinctions for effective language pedagogy, cross-cultural communication, and a deeper appreciation of the multifaceted nature of human linguistic capacity.

Linguistic modalities, oral communication, scripted communication

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