This study investigates the typology of borrowings in linguistics, focusing on the processes, types, and adaptation mechanisms of borrowed words in various languages. Borrowings, also known as loanwords, occur when one language adopts words from another due to contact and cultural exchange. The research classifies borrowings into types such as lexical, phonological, morphological, and semantic borrowings. Special attention is given to the comparative typology of English and Uzbek borrowings, highlighting their phonetic and semantic changes. The findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of linguistic change and cross-linguistic influence.

Borrowings, loanwords, typology

Haspelmath, M., & Tadmor, U. (2009). Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton.

Thomason, S. G., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. University of California Press.

Sharipova M. SH., Figurative and Onomatopoeic Expressions in English and Uzbek and their Translation Problems

Winford, D. (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.

Trask, R. L. (1996). Historical Linguistics. Arnold Publishers.

Matras, Y. (2009). Language Contact. Cambridge University Press.

Poplack, S., Sankoff, D., & Miller, C. (1988). The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics, 26(1), 47–104.

Field, F. W. (2002). Loanwords as a Reflection of Culture and Linguistic Contact. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 189–204.

Tadmor, U. (2009). Loanwords in the world’s languages: Findings and results. Language Typology and Universals, 62(2), 93–102.

Zenner, E., & Kristiansen, G. (2013). Introduction: On the inevitability of borrowing. Journal of Language Contact, 6(1), 1–24.

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Dissertations and Research Reports

Myers-Scotton, C. (2006). Borrowing and code-switching: Issues in bilingualism. Bilingual Research Journal, 30(2), 235–261.

Backus, A. (2015). A usage-based approach to borrowing: Lexical and constructional borrowing in immigrant Turkish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(4), 670–681.

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