Genetic factors play a central role in determining the structural organization and physiological function of the human body. The expression of specific genes controls tissue differentiation, organ morphogenesis, and the maintenance of homeostasis throughout life. This review analyzes the influence of genetic determinants on the development and regulation of various anatomical systems, emphasizing their contribution to variability, adaptation, and disease susceptibility. A narrative review of studies from 2015–2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The results demonstrate that genetic variations influence skeletal morphology, cardiovascular and nervous system development, muscle function, and organ-specific adaptations. Gene–environment interactions and epigenetic mechanisms further shape the structural and functional diversity observed among individuals. Understanding genetic influences on anatomy is essential for improving diagnostic precision, predicting pathological risk, and advancing personalized medicine.

Genetics, anatomy, gene expression, morphogenesis

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