Accurate knowledge of the topographic and anatomical features of the retroperitoneal space (RPS) is critical for diagnosis and surgical planning. Modern imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have become the gold standard in clinical practice; however, their compliance with classical anatomical concepts requires constant verification. Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of CT and MRI data with the anatomical structure of RPS organs on specimens to clarify their topography and assess variability. Materials and Methods: An analysis of 50 CT and 30 MRI studies of patients without RPS pathology, as well as macroscopic specimens from 15 adult cadavers, was conducted. The topographic relationships of the kidneys, adrenal glands, large vessels (aorta, inferior vena cava), pancreas, and duodenum were assessed. Results: It was established that modern high-resolution imaging methods (contrast-enhanced CT, MRI with fat-suppressed sequences) reliably depict the anatomical structures of the renal pelvis. Cases of clinically significant variability were identified: atypical branching of the renal arteries (18% of cases according to CT angiography), retroaortic position of the left renal vein (4%), which fully correlated with the data of anatomical specimens. However, fascial relationships and thin nerve plexuses are reliably visualized only on specimens. Conclusion: The integrated use of CT/MRI data and classical anatomical examination on specimens provides the most complete understanding of the topography of the renal pelvis. The integration of virtual 3D models reconstructed from tomography data into the educational process of medical universities helps to overcome the limitations associated with the shortage of cadaveric material and improve the effectiveness of student training in topographic anatomy.

Retroperitoneal space, topographic anatomy, computed tomography

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