This article analyzes the linguodidactic foundations of foreign language teaching in non-philological higher education institutions and the development of students' cognitive competencies. The study highlights modern methodological approaches to foreign language education, particularly the importance of the communicative-cognitive method. Additionally, pedagogical aspects of forming linguistic, thematic, and worldview-related knowledge in the language teaching process are examined. Based on a pragmalinguodidactic approach, the article describes the issues of developing skills for the effective use of a foreign language in students' professional activities. The application of an integrative approach, interactive methods, and modern pedagogical technologies is substantiated as an important factor in increasing the efficiency of foreign language education. The research results serve to develop students' communicative competence and expand the possibilities of using a foreign language in professional activities.