Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) is also transforming bilingual English education. Smartphones and tablets offer ubiquitous access to learning resources, allowing students to practice language skills anytime and anywhere. Mobile applications designed for vocabulary acquisition, pronunciation practice, and interactive storytelling complement formal instruction and support the development of independent learning habits. Push notifications, gamification features, and reward systems serve to maintain student engagement and reinforce newly acquired skills. Additionally, mobile technologies facilitate instant communication and collaboration among students, transcending the physical boundaries of the classroom.  

Bilingual education, English language teaching, higher education

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