The notion of state responsibility in private international law embodies a complex dimension that interweaves traditional public international law principles with the realities of cross-border transactions and disputes involving non-state actors. Historically, the doctrine of state responsibility arose as a mechanism by which one state could hold another accountable for breaches of international obligations, particularly in contexts where diplomatic protection served as the primary avenue for individual claimants seeking remedies for wrongful acts.

Foreign direct investment, cross-border commercial transactions, human rights norms

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