This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation and historical development of the Arab Caliphate in the Middle Ages It examines the political system, social structure, and cultural and educational development of the Caliphate, focusing on the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid periods. The study highlights the role of Islamic law, including the formation of major schools of fiqh, and the establishment of governance structures that shaped society. Special emphasis is placed on the advancement of science, education, and culture: the establishment of scientific centers in Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, Bukhara, and Samarkand, and the translation movement that preserved and expanded knowledge from ancient Greece, India, and Persia. Achievements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, and pedagogy illustrate the Arab Caliphate’s significant contribution to global civilization. The findings underline the historical importance of the Arab Caliphate in political, cultural, and scientific spheres and demonstrate the relevance of its experience for contemporary historical and social studies. The article serves as a valuable resource for historians, medieval civilization researchers, and students preparing scholarly publications.

Arab Caliphate, Middle Ages, Islamic civilization

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