This article provides an in-depth analysis of the psychological and physiological characteristics of primary school-aged students, their cognitive processes, and the pedagogical significance of developing logical thinking. The research examines age-specific developmental features, including the formation of thinking, attention, memory, and perception during the initial stages of education. Furthermore, the primary goals, methods, and tools for fostering logical thinking are theoretically substantiated. The article is intended for primary school teachers, educators, and specialists in the field of education.