This article offers a comprehensive analysis of neurolinguistics by tracing its historical evolution from the classical localizationist insights of Broca and Wernicke to contemporary network-based theories. Emphasis is placed on the role of neural plasticity across the lifespan, the neurobiological underpinnings of bilingualism (including code-switching), and the temporal orchestration of syntactic and semantic operations. Integrating evidence from fMRI, MEG/EEG, lesion-based research, and computational modeling, the discussion underscores that language processing emerges from dynamic interactions among widespread neural circuits, rather than from isolated cortical regions. These findings underscore the significance of cross-linguistic investigations, highlight enduring questions regarding critical periods, and offer translational possibilities for therapeutic interventions, bilingual education, and the development of innovative brain-computer interfaces.  

Neurolinguistics, network-based models, neural plasticity

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