This article offers a comparative analysis of school attendance management systems in developed countries. The study proceeds from the thesis that comparison organised by instrument is mis-organised at its root, since national systems differ fundamentally not in the instruments they employ but in where the duty of attendance is located, and that the location of the duty determines who is sanctioned, what counts as a valid reason, what is recorded and who answers when the figure falls. Three locations are distinguished and illustrated: the duty upon the parent, the duty as compulsory attendance at an institution, and the duty as a service obligation of the state. A second classification by dominant response mode — legal-coercive, welfare-diagnostic and accountability-incentive — is shown to cut across the first, each mode possessing a characteristic failure. From this follows the central transfer condition: an instrument acts only where the legal substrate supplies it with an addressee. The controversy between D. Phillips and G. Steiner-Khamsi is subjected to critical examination.
A Comparative Analysis of School Attendance Management Systems in Developed Countries
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