This article explores the reflection of socio-cultural relations between Arab and Turkish peoples in linguistics through the study of Arabic borrowings in the Uzbek language. The research examines the historical development of Arab–Turkish linguistic contacts and analyzes the phonetic, morphological, semantic, and stylistic adaptation of Arabic lexical units in Uzbek. The study shows that Arabic borrowings influenced not only religious vocabulary but also scientific, literary, legal, and everyday language. Particular attention is given to phonetic changes such as the loss of ‘ayn and hamza, the disappearance of vowel length, and the simplification of emphatic consonants. The findings demonstrate that Arabic borrowings represent an important linguocultural layer reflecting centuries of cultural, religious, and intellectual interaction between Arab and Turkic peoples.