This article contains the following skills that students of architecture, design, engineering graphics and visual arts need to acquire: prognostic, reflexive, analytical, mobilization, perspective, orientation, informational, artistic skill, projective, communicative, engineer-technician, the ideas and contents of all approaches are fully covered.

Time is one of the most important and mysterious concepts for mankind. It plays an important role in the lives of each of us, it is widely used in many scientific fields, especially in physics and philosophy, but there are many questions about its true nature. This article discusses the perception of time in physical theories and its basic concepts, and compares the concepts of time in classical mechanics, relativity theory, and quantum mechanics. Specific characteristics of time in each theory and its influence on physical processes are considered. It also discusses the nature of time, its disappearance, and theoretical disagreements. The study brings together the philosophical and scientific aspects of the concept of time, offering a new perspective for those interested in learning.

Payment systems are the backbone of modern economies, and their security is a critical aspect of maintaining user trust and safeguarding financial data. In this context, the development of threat models plays a central role in ensuring the protection of these systems from attacks. One of the most effective methodologies for threat modeling is STRIDE, which helps to structure and systematize the analysis of risks and threats. By utilizing the STRIDE model and incorporating a customized threat model for payment systems, the security of authentication processes and transaction handling can be significantly enhanced.

This article examines the role of modern technologies in improving irrigation and soil moisture management in Uzbekistan’s agricultural sector. With 9.7% of the country’s land under irrigation, efficient water use is critical. Traditional soil moisture measurement methods are labor-intensive, while IoT-based sensors and automated systems offer real-time monitoring and optimization. Research findings show that these technologies enhance water conservation, increase crop productivity, and prevent soil degradation, making them essential for sustainable agriculture in water-scarce regions like Uzbekistan.

As a result of the development of industrial technologies and changes in the ecological environment, various xenobiotics released into the environment are increasing. Increasing exposure to xenobiotics may lead to the development of diseases associated with toxic hepatitis (TG) in the population. The following exogenous factors can cause TG: industrial and household toxic substances, chlorinated hydrocarbons, naphthalene and biphenyls, benzene, metals and other inorganic elements, monomers used for the production of polymer materials, plastics, hydrazine and its derivatives, as well as dioxins and radionuclides. All of these exogenous toxins have a cumulative damaging effect on the liver, so they must be converted into non-toxic compounds for the body and eliminated. The main mechanisms of toxic damage to the liver are lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, reduction of ATF, mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibition of membrane receptors.

With the emergence of the Internet, cyber-attacks and threats have become significant issues. Traditional manual network monitoring and rule-based packet filtering methods have become labor-intensive and less effective in combating attacks. Filtering packets based solely on payload and pattern matching is also inefficient. There is a need for a dynamic model capable of learning packet filtering rules. This article proposes a packet filtering model using Neural Networks. After developing the model classified with training and validation data, it can be utilized to support dynamic packet filtering. The proposed model allows filtering packets not only based on static rules but also considering IP packet attributes and rules learned by the model in advance. The model takes into account payloads and other IP packet attributes for filtering. It can automatically update firewall rules to enhance security.

This study explores the role of local structural characteristics in influencing tracer diffusion mechanisms within amorphous Fe-based alloys. Amorphous materials, characterized by their lack of long-range order, exhibit unique properties that differ significantly from their crystalline counterparts. The diffusion behavior of tracer atoms within these alloys is critical for understanding their thermal stability, mechanical properties, and overall performance in various applications. Utilizing advanced characterization techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, we investigate the local structural arrangements and their correlation with diffusion pathways.

Our findings reveal that variations in the local environment, such as atomic coordination and clustering, significantly affect the mobility of tracer atoms. The results indicate that regions of increased atomic density facilitate higher diffusion rates, while disordered environments impede tracer movement. Additionally, we assess the impact of alloying elements on the local structure and diffusion behavior, providing insights into how compositional changes can be leveraged to optimize the properties of Fe-based alloys for specific applications.

This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between local structural characteristics and diffusion mechanisms in amorphous Fe-based alloys, offering valuable guidance for the design and development of advanced materials with tailored properties for industrial applications. Ultimately, the insights gained from this study may pave the way for enhancing the performance of amorphous alloys in a range of engineering fields.

The article provides information on the factor, clarity and flow rate of the Sangzor River, which influence the distribution of molluscs, in which the temperature, clarity and flow rate of the Sangzor River vary in different parts of the river.

This article details the importance of assessing the vulnerabilities of network protocols and systems and the steps required to implement them. The article emphasizes that the main goal of vulnerability research is the timely identification of information security problems and their elimination. At the same time, the dependence of the main indicators of network efficiency on the protocols used in it is also scientifically   substantiated.  Information security issues were  analyzed by integrating metrics obtained from assessing the impact of attacks in various areas of network packets into network monitoring systems. The article also provides an in-depth analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of network protocols, and also examines each of them from the point of view of information security.

In this article, a number of information about the important mechanism by which laboratory accreditation ensures the confidence of consumers in the quality and qualifications of work that the laboratory can perform has come. Also, the main purpose of Laboratory Accreditation is to ensure uniformity of measurements and information such as mutual recognition of the results of measurements, tests and studies is widely covered.

Filtration processes of liquid solutions are fundamental in many natural and industrial applications, such as environmental protection, chemical engineering, water purification, and petroleum extraction. This article develops a mathematical model for describing filtration processes and explores various numerical methods for solving the governing equations. The model is based on Darcy’s law, continuity equation, and constitutive relations of liquid solutions in porous media. Numerical methods, including finite difference, finite element, and finite volume approaches, are discussed with applications to various filtration scenarios. We also provide analysis of the stability, convergence, and efficiency of these methods.

The paper presents the results of a study on the development of technological parameters for the preparation of blended yarn from cotton fibers and secondary waste of natural silk. A new technological chain for the production of mixed yarns in modern cotton spinning equipment is given, taking into account their technological capabilities, as well as physical, mechanical and technological indicators of the resulting new mixed yarn. Also, the indicators of filling the loom, which received the fabric, are given. In conclusion, the physical and mechanical indicators and the results obtained in the certification laboratory of the institute are given.

This paper explores the role of invariants in the analysis of special points within various classes of differential equations. By leveraging invariants, the study provides a framework for simplifying the identification and characterization of equilibrium points, singularities, and other critical features. The results demonstrate that invariants offer powerful tools for analyzing the structure and solutions of differential equations, especially in complex systems.

Environmental studies of populations of hydrobionts such as Unionidae, Corbiculidae, Beelgrandiellidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Astacidae, and Haemopidae are mentioned. These organisms play an important role in the processes of self-purification and water quality management of water bodies, helping to ensure the stability of the aquatic ecosystem. The study of their diversity and distribution is directly related to the current state of the environment, especially in the context of climate change and anthropogenic impact. Research is carried out in the Mirzachul area, specifically in the Sirdarya and Sangzor river systems and in the Southern Mirzachul and Dustlik canals. The results show a correlation between water resource status and hydrobiont populations. This is decisive for the management of Water Resources and the conservation of biodiversity.

The modern species composition of domestic poultry helminths in the Fergana Valley was studied, and it was found to consist of 45 species. These include 12 species of cestodes, 15 species of trematodes, and 18 species of nematodes. During the research, representatives of the families Davaineidae, Ascaridiidae, Heterakidae, Strongylida, and Capillaridae (Raillietina tetragona, Skrjabinia cesticillus, Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Syngamus trachea) were found in almost all domestic poultry. The research on the distribution, biology, and host damage properties of these helminths is essential for developing control measures.

The efficiency of cotton cleaning machines plays a critical role in the textile industry, particularly in removing fine impurities. This paper focuses on enhancing the design of cotton cleaning machines to improve their performance. By analyzing the shortcomings of existing models, this research proposes modifications to the design of spiked drums and air suction systems to enhance cleaning efficiency. The results demonstrate that the proposed enhancements lead to significant improvements in impurity removal, reducing energy consumption and increasing cotton quality.

Studies show that the application of nitrogen fertilizers and glauconite sand positively affects the yield of winter wheat. Applying 120 kg of nitrogen increases the grain content in the ear by 11.3%, and adding 1 ton/ha of glauconite sand along with nitrogen increases the number of grains by another 3.9%. The grain mass per ear increases by 5.1-5.9% when using 1-2 tons/ha of glauconite sand. As a result of fertilization, the weight of 1000 grains of the "Yanbash" variety increases by 1.7-2.4%. Winter wheat yield increases by 62.3% when nitrogen fertilizers are applied, with an additional yield increase of 13.4 centners/ha. Using 1-2 tons/ha of glauconite sand on the N120 background further increases the yield by 5.8-5.0 centners/ha. Thus, the application of glauconite sand allows achieving high yields without the use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, providing the plants with the necessary nutrients and improving the chemical composition of straw and grain.

The article is devoted to the engineering-geological zoning of the foundation project on the saline soils of the Kanlikul district. The features of the region's geological and hydrogeological conditions, as well as the influence of soil salinity on the stability and durability of building structures, are considered. The methods of engineering-geological zoning used to assess the suitability of soils for construction are described. The article proposes solutions for designing foundations taking into account the specifics of saline soils, as well as measures to reduce the negative impact of salinization on construction sites. The work is aimed at improving design and construction practices in the region's complex geological conditions.

This study investigates the influence of nano-clay on the properties of alkali-activated water-cooled slag geopolymer, aiming to enhance its mechanical performance and durability. Alkali-activated materials have garnered significant attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional cement due to their lower carbon footprint and superior resistance to environmental degradation. In this research, varying proportions of nano-clay were incorporated into the geopolymer matrix, and a series of experiments were conducted to assess the resulting mechanical properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability.

Additionally, the microstructural characteristics were analyzed using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidate the effects of nano-clay on the geopolymer formation process and bonding mechanisms. The results indicate a marked improvement in mechanical properties with optimal nano-clay incorporation, alongside enhanced durability against chemical attacks and freeze-thaw cycles. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the use of nano-materials in geopolymer technology, highlighting the potential for developing high-performance, eco-friendly construction materials.

Recent advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence have led to the emergence of smart mobile robots capable of performing complex tasks autonomously. This paper explores the significant impact of these robots in search and monitoring systems across various applications, including disaster response, environmental monitoring, and security surveillance. By leveraging advanced sensing technologies, real-time data processing, and autonomous navigation, smart mobile robots enhance operational efficiency and safety in hazardous environments. Their ability to gather and analyze data in real-time allows for improved decision-making and resource allocation. Despite existing challenges, such as battery life and navigation in dynamic settings, ongoing technological innovations promise to expand the capabilities and applications of these systems. Ultimately, the integration of smart mobile robots represents a transformative shift in how we approach critical search and monitoring operations, paving the way for more effective and responsive solutions in various fields.

Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, ecosystems, and climate stability, necessitating effective monitoring and control measures. Traditional air quality monitoring stations, while accurate, are static, expensive, and limited in coverage. The Autonomous Monitoring Robot System (AMRS) provides a dynamic solution, offering real-time air quality monitoring through mobile robotic platforms. Equipped with advanced sensors, these robots can measure various pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), across large and complex areas. By employing AI-based navigation and mapping technologies, AMRS can autonomously traverse urban and industrial environments, collecting high-resolution pollution data and creating real-time air quality maps. This approach allows for better spatial coverage, cost-efficiency, and access to hard-to-reach locations compared to traditional methods. The system can be deployed in diverse use cases, including urban air quality monitoring, industrial pollution control, and disaster management. While challenges such as battery life, sensor calibration, and data processing remain, AMRS represents a promising technological advancement in environmental monitoring and pollution control.

Product quality management, continuous quality control, and consideration of modern standards at textile enterprises are among the most pressing issues today. This article, based on the results of scientific research, describes a methodology aimed at studying the root causes of defects based on the requirements of international standards, taking into account the complexity and diversity of textile production.