Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) and polymer-based nanocomposites represent an important class of advanced materials whose properties can be efficiently tailored without the development of entirely new polymer systems. In recent years, research interest has shifted from conventional reinforcement approaches toward modification strategies based on nano-scale fillers and interfacial engineering. This review provides a critical analysis of the principal methods used to modify polymer matrices, with particular emphasis on polymer nanocomposites containing carbon-based and metal-containing nanoparticles. Special attention is paid to the role of nanoparticles in supramolecular organization, interphase formation, and crystallization behavior. Structure–property relationships governing mechanical, thermal, and functional performance are discussed from a materials science perspective. Current challenges and future research directions in the design of polymer nanocomposites for engineering applications are also outlined.

Polymer matrix composites, polymer nanocomposites, nanoparticles

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