Biochemistry is a fundamental scientific discipline that investigates the chemical processes underlying life. Among its core topics, carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme kinetics, and protein structure–function relationships occupy a central position due to their essential roles in cellular physiology. Carbohydrates serve as primary energy sources and metabolic intermediates, enzymes regulate biochemical reactions with remarkable specificity and efficiency, and proteins perform diverse structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, fundamental principles of enzyme kinetics, such as the Michaelis–Menten model, enzyme inhibition, and regulatory mechanisms, are discussed. Finally, the structural organization of proteins and the relationship between protein structure and biological function are analyzed. Understanding these interconnected biochemical processes is crucial for advancements in medicine, biotechnology, and molecular biology.

Biochemistry, Carbohydrate metabolism, Enzyme kinetics

Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2022). Molecular Biology of the Cell (7th ed.). Garland Science.

Murray, R. K., Bender, D. A., Botham, K. M., Kennelly, P. J., Rodwell, V. W., & Weil, P. A. (2018). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (31st ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Cornish-Bowden, A. (2012). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

Fersht, A. (1999). Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science. W.H. Freeman and Company.

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J., & Stryer, L. (2019). Biochemistry (9th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2021). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman.

Garrett, R. H., & Grisham, C. M. (2016). Biochemistry (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Scriver, C. R., Beaudet, A. L., Sly, W. S., & Valle, D. (2001). The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill.

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H., Amon, A., & Scott, M. P. (2021). Molecular Cell Biology (9th ed.). W.H. Freeman.

Dobson, C. M. (2003). Protein folding and misfolding. Nature, 426(6968), 884–890.

Walsh, C. (2014). Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. W.H. Freeman and Company.

Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level (5th ed.). Wiley.

Berg, J. M., & Stryer, L. (2002). Exploring the relationship between protein structure and function. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 27(10), 487–494.

Hue, L., & Taegtmeyer, H. (2009). The Randle cycle revisited: A new head for an old hat. American Journal of Physiology, 297(3), E578–E591.

Knowles, J. R. (1991). Enzyme catalysis: Not different, just better. Nature, 350(6314), 121–124.

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman.

Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.

Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. Fundamentals of Biochemistry.

Lodish, H. et al. Molecular Cell Biology.

Devlin, T. M. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations.