Photosynthesis represents one of the most essential physiological processes sustaining life on Earth. It provides plants with the energy and organic matter necessary for growth, development, and reproduction, while also maintaining the balance of gases in the atmosphere. This paper explores the physiological and biochemical foundations of photosynthesis and its integral role in plant metabolism. It also analyzes how internal and external factors—such as light intensity, temperature, water availability, and carbon dioxide concentration—affect the efficiency of this process. Moreover, it discusses recent advances in understanding the molecular regulation of photosynthesis and their implications for increasing agricultural productivity. In the broader context, photosynthesis is examined as both a biochemical mechanism and a key determinant of ecosystem stability and global food security. The article emphasizes that improving photosynthetic efficiency through physiological optimization and biotechnological innovation is vital for sustainable development in the face of climate change.

Photosynthesis, plant physiology, chlorophyll, carbon fixation

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