The Kyzylkum Desert represents a unique and extreme ecosystem where plants depend critically on their associated microbiomes for survival and adaptation. This review explores the intricate composition, dynamic interactions, and functional roles of plant microbiomes in such harsh environments, emphasizing their ecological importance and potential applications. Despite significant progress in microbiome research, major gaps remain in understanding the specific mechanisms that enable these microbial communities to thrive under extreme abiotic stressors like high salinity, nutrient deficiency, and drought. Advanced molecular approaches, including metagenomics and 16S rRNA sequencing, are highlighted as indispensable tools for unraveling microbial diversity and functionality in desert ecosystems.

Key findings reveal the vital roles of microbial communities—bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and archaea—in enhancing nutrient acquisition, improving drought resilience, and mitigating oxidative stress in desert plants. Notably, symbiotic associations such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are crucial in facilitating plant survival in the nutrient-poor soils of the Kyzylkum Desert. Furthermore, this review underscores the unique adaptive traits of desert microbiomes, including stress-response proteins, exopolysaccharide production, and osmoprotectants, which collectively sustain plant-microbe interactions under challenging conditions.

This review integrates findings from local and international research to bridge critical knowledge gaps and underscores the potential of desert microbiomes for sustainable applications, including bioinoculants, soil health enhancement, and desertification mitigation. These insights pave the way for innovative strategies to harness microbial communities in addressing global challenges in agriculture and ecosystem restoration.

Kyzylkum Desert, plant microbiome,, microbial diversity

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