This study presents a comprehensive examination of the chemistry and technology involved in monomer production, focusing on both petrochemical and bio-based routes. By investigating steam cracking of naphtha, propane dehydrogenation, ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, and lactic acid fermentation for lactide synthesis, the research compares yields, selectivity, and purity levels across different feedstocks and processes. Experimental setups ranged from high-temperature steam cracking (800–850°C) to tin-catalyzed ring-closing of lactic acid, with downstream purification by fractional distillation, caustic washing, and continuous vacuum distillation. Results showed that steam cracking remains a robust, mature technology for high-volume ethylene production, while dedicated propane dehydrogenation can achieve targeted propylene yields. Styrene production via ethylbenzene dehydrogenation emphasized careful temperature and catalyst management to reach high selectivity and maintain catalyst longevity. Meanwhile, bio-based lactide synthesis demonstrated potential for reduced carbon emissions, although it remains constrained by energy-intensive purification and feedstock costs. Life cycle assessment revealed a trade-off between established petrochemical infrastructure and the ecological advantages of renewable feedstocks. Future directions include refining catalyst materials, adopting efficient separation technologies, and integrating chemical recycling to foster a circular economy. Overall, the findings highlight how process optimization, catalysis innovation, and sustainability principles collectively shape the current and future landscape of monomer production for polymer industries.

Monomers, Petrochemical Feedstocks, Bio-based Feedstocks

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