This research aims to study the spatial variation of agricultural land use in the Ain Tamr district of Karbala Governorate, to understand patterns of agricultural land use and the spatial distribution of cultivated crops. The research relies on a descriptive-analytical approach to study the distribution of agricultural land and the impact of geographical factors, such as soil, climate, and water availability, on agricultural production.  

Pome fruit orchards, flower, bronze beetle

Youssef Tony, Dictionary of Geographical Terms, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1977, p. 23.

Abd Al-Khaliq Muhammad Abdali, Land Economics and Agrarian Reform in Theory and Practice, Baghdad, Sulayman Al-Azami Press, 1977, pp. 81-85.

Ali Ahmad Harun, Agricultural Geography, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2001, p. 18.

Idham Yassin Muhammad Al-Mu'adidi, Land Use Analysis Using Aerial Photographs and Topographic Maps, Central Section of the Wezel Al-Ramadi Irrigation Project, unpublished doctoral dissertation, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1993, p. 10. Salah Hamid Hanash Al-Janabi, "Changes in Land Uses Around the Iraqi City," unpublished doctoral dissertation, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1977, p. 84.

Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Qasim, "The Economic Importance of the Palestinian Agricultural Sector: Problems and Proposed Solutions," Afak, Future Academy Journal for Creative Thinking, 2004, pp. 11-51.

Abdul Razzaq Muhammad Al-Batihi, "Phenomena of Concentration and Diversity in the Southern and Southeastern Governorates of Iraq," A Study in Iraqi Agricultural Geography, Baghdad, Al-Irshad Press, 1972, p. 87.

Qasim Al-Duwaikat, Geography of the Arab Homeland: A Study in Physical, Human, and Political Geography, 1998, p. 213.

Hikmat Abdul Ali, Tawakkul Younis Rizq, Oil and Sugar Crops, Mosul University Press, 1980, pp. 147-156.

Abdul Hamid Ahmad Al-Younis, Abdul Sattar Abdullah Al-Karkaji, Industrial Crops Cultivation in Iraq, Baghdad, Dar Al-Kutub Printing and Publishing Foundation Press, 1977, p. 97.

Hikmat Abdul Majeed Mohsen Al-Ansari, Fiber Crops, Dar Al-Kutub Printing and Publishing, Mosul University, 1980, p. 42.

Muhammad Hijazi, previous source, p. 134. Summer vegetables include tomatoes, cucumbers, okra, eggplant, watermelon, beans, peppers, and dried onions.

Awad Issa Abbas, Fodder Crops in Iraq, General Authority for Cooperation, Training, and Agricultural Extension, 1990, p. 141.

Mahmoud Ahmed Mayouf, Introduction to Legumes in Iraq, Directorate of the House of Books, Printing, and Publishing, University of Mosul, 1982, p. 141.

Shamkhi Faisal Al-Asadi, Spatial Trends in Agricultural Land Use Change in Al-Mundhir District, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ibn Rushd College of Education, University of Baghdad, 1996, p. 68.

Ali Hussein Abdullah Al-Duri and Adel Saeed Al-Rawi, Fruit Production, 1st ed., Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Press, University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and Forestry, 2000, p. 9.

Abdul-Kadhim Ali Al-Halou, The Impact of Extreme Weather Phenomena on Agricultural Production in the Central Region of Iraq, unpublished master's thesis, College of Education, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 1990, p. 15.

Faqi Al-Shamaa, Abdul-Hamid Ahmed Al-Younis, Cereal and Legume Crops: Production and Improvement Principles, Baghdad University Press, no date, pp. 50-51. Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, Central Statistical Organization, Agricultural Planning, Al-Mahawil Agriculture Department, Lands Department, unpublished data, 2015.

Arabic Books:

Ali Ahmad Harun, Agricultural Geography, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2001.

Abu Al-Fadl Jamal Al-Din Ibn Manzur, Lisan Al-Arab, Volume 15, Beirut, Dar Sader for Printing and Publishing, 1956.

Abdul Hamid Ahmad Al-Younis, Abdul Sattar Abdullah Al-Karkaji, Industrial Crops Cultivation in Iraq, Baghdad, Dar Al-Kutub Printing and Publishing Foundation Press, 1977.

Abdul Khaliq Muhammad Abdali, Land Economics and Agrarian Reform in Theory and Practice, Baghdad, Sulayman Al-A'zami Press, 1977.

Abdul Razzaq Muhammad Al-Batihi, The Phenomena of Concentration and Diversity in the Southern and Southeastern Governorates of Iraq: A Study in Iraqi Agricultural Geography, Baghdad, Al-Irshad Press, 1972.

Awad Issa Abbas, Fodder Crops Cultivation in Iraq, General Authority for Agricultural Cooperation, Training, and Extension, 1990.

Ali Hussein Abdullah Al-Douri and Adel Saeed Al-Rawi, Fruit Production, 1st ed., Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Press, University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and Forestry, 2000.

Qasim Al-Duwaikat, Geography of the Arab World: A Study in Physical, Human, and Political Geography, 1998.

Mahmoud Ahmed Mayouf, Introduction to Legumes in Iraq, Directorate of the House of Books, Printing, and Publishing, University of Mosul, 1982.

Hikmat Abdul Majeed Mohsen Al-Ansari, Fiber Crops, House of Books for Printing and Publishing, University of Mosul, 1980.

Hikmat Abdul Ali and Tawakkul Younis Rizq, Oil and Sugar Crops, University of Mosul Press, 1980.

Youssef Tony, Dictionary of Geographical Terms, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1977.

Theses and Dissertations:

Idham Yassin Muhammad Al-Mu'adidi, Land Use Analysis Using Aerial Photographs and Topographic Maps, Central Section of the Wizel Al-Ramadi Irrigation Project, Unpublished PhD Thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1993.

Abdul-Kadhim Ali Al-Helou, The Impact of Extreme Weather Phenomena on Agricultural Production in the Central Region of Iraq, Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Education, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 1990.

Salah Hamid Hanash Al-Janabi, Land Use Changes Around the Iraqi City, unpublished PhD dissertation, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1997.

Dhafer Ibrahim Taha Al-Azzawi, Agricultural Land Use Changes in the Rural Areas of Samarra District, unpublished PhD dissertation, submitted to the Department of Geography, College of Education - Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad, 2002.

Shamkhi Faisal Al-Asadi, Spatial Trends in Agricultural Land Use Changes in Al-Manathira District, PhD dissertation, Faculty of Arts, Baghdad, 1996.

Third: Scientific Journals

Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Qasim, The Economic Importance of the Palestinian Agricultural Sector: Problems and Proposed Solutions, Afak, a quarterly journal published by the Future Academy for Creative Thinking, 2004.

Fourth: Government Sources

Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, Central Bureau of Statistics, Agricultural Planning, Al-Mahawil Agriculture Department. Lands Department, unpublished data 2015

Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Agriculture in Karbala Governorate, Agricultural Statistics (Planning and Follow-up), unpublished data for 2023.

Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Agriculture in Karbala, Ain al-Tamr Agriculture Division, Planning and Follow-up, Implemented Agricultural Plan for 2022, unpublished data.

Ministry of Agriculture, Karbala Agriculture Division, Plant Production, Areas of Land Cultivated with Palm Trees and Fruits, 2022, unpublished.