Facial pain encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders differing in etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Atypical facial pain remains the least investigated form of prosopalgia, largely due to its multifactorial origin and the prominent role of psychogenic factors. The condition is often associated with depressive and anxiety disorders, chronic stress, and other affective disturbances that disrupt central pain modulation. Effective diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, psychiatrists, and dental specialists, with differential diagnosis essential to distinguish between neuropathic, myogenic, and psychogenic mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies are predominantly empirical and include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, botulinum toxin injections, and non-pharmacological interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, biofeedback, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Despite significant clinical progress, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of atypical facial pain remain insufficiently understood, underscoring the need for further research into biomarkers of central sensitization and individualized treatment approaches.

Facial pain, atypical prosopalgia, psychogenic pain, neuropathic pain

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