In most cases, patients with community-acquired pneumonia have inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses, as well as in patients who have had a history of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract several weeks and months ago. When examining such patients with rhinosinusitis, the functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses are impaired, which in turn leads to the activation of opportunistic microflora, which increases the adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms to the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and creates favorable conditions for microbial colonization. It is known that viruses have a bronchotropic effect, manifested by damage to the epithelium and a violation of the trophism of the bronchi due to damage to the nerve conductors. Under the influence of the general toxic effect of the virus, phagocytosis is inhibited, immunological protection is impaired, as a result, favorable conditions are created for the entry of pathogenic bacterial flora located in the upper respiratory tract into the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs, which to a large extent contributes to the development of diseases of the lower respiratory tract.

Affective-respiratory paroxysm (ARP) is an episodic loss of consciousness that occurs in children, and its mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in children with ARP. The results show that the ARP group had higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) was decreased. This indicates that the imbalance between oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system may play an important role in the development of ARP. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy in future studies.

The article is devoted to the current issues of diagnosing ruptures of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle (DGDMP), which are a common pathology in the practice of traumatologists-orthopedists and surgeons. The main clinical tests, such as the Yergason and Spid tests, which allow for the detection of characteristic injury symptoms (pain in supination and arm lifting), have been examined. However, their sensitivity and specificity are limited, necessitating the use of instrumental diagnostic methods. The article describes the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound is an accessible and non-invasive method that allows visualization of tendon ruptures, especially during dynamic examination. MRI, in turn, provides high diagnostic accuracy (up to 98% specificity) and allows for the assessment of concomitant injuries such as rotating cuff tears or joint lip pathologies. Based on the analysis of clinical cases and research data, it has been shown that a combination of physical examination and MRI is the most effective strategy for diagnosis verification. Early and accurate diagnosis of BDMP ruptures plays a key role in choosing treatment tactics (conservative or surgical) and preventing complications such as chronic pain, decreased shoulder function, and development of arthrosis. The article is addressed to traumatologists-orthopedists, surgeons, and sports medicine specialists, and can also be useful for doctors engaged in the rehabilitation of patients with shoulder joint pathologies.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a critical condition often encountered in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to improving outcomes in these vulnerable patients. Serum Cystatin C (CysC), a promising biomarker, has emerged as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting AKI in children. Unlike traditional markers such as serum creatinine, CysC is less influenced by age, gender, and muscle mass, making it a more reliable indicator of kidney function in pediatric populations. This review aims to explore the role of Serum Cystatin C in the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of AKI in children within the PICU setting. The potential advantages, limitations, and clinical implications of CysC as a biomarker are discussed, along with recent research findings highlighting its utility in pediatric AKI. Ultimately, understanding the role of CysC could lead to improved outcomes by enabling timely interventions and better management strategies for pediatric patients at risk of AKI.

Hysteroscopy and the use of immune markers play a crucial role in diagnosing female infertility. Recent studies highlight their increasing significance in reproductive medicine, as technological advancements have enhanced diagnostic accuracy. This method allows for direct visualization of the uterine cavity, enabling the identification of abnormalities such as polyps, fibroids, or other pathologies that may impair a woman’s ability to conceive. Immunological markers, on the other hand, help assess the patient’s immune status and detect potential autoimmune disorders that might contribute to infertility. The combination of these diagnostic approaches increases the likelihood of identifying factors that hinder pregnancy. Furthermore, integrating hysteroscopic findings with immunological profiling can provide a more targeted treatment approach, ultimately improving fertility outcomes. The study aims to explore the efficacy of hysteroscopy and immunogenetic marker analysis in accurately diagnosing infertility and guiding treatment decisions. Hysteroscopy and the use of immune markers play a crucial role in diagnosing female infertility. This method allows for direct visualization of the uterine cavity, enabling the identification of abnormalities such as polyps, fibroids, or other pathologies that may impair a woman’s ability to conceive. Immunological markers, on the other hand, help assess the patient’s immune status and detect potential autoimmune disorders that might contribute to infertility. The combination of these diagnostic approaches increases the likelihood of identifying factors that hinder pregnancy.

Modern research highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach that considers both morphological changes and immune responses, ultimately allowing physicians to diagnose infertility more accurately and select effective treatment strategies. Therefore, the use of hysteroscopy and immunological markers in reproductive medicine is becoming an integral part of comprehensive examinations for women experiencing infertility issues.

Treatment of pneumonia is a pressing tissue at present, due to its widespread prevalence and associated severe complications, such as pleurisy, emphysema, cardiovascular diseases, glomerulonephritis, exacerbation of allergic diseases. Laser therapy, if there are appropriate indications, can be performed on children of any age from birth. However, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of young patients, know the rules for prescribing laser therapeutic procedures, schemes for choosing the most optimal methods and their parameters, which differ significantly from those recommended for adults.

The works devoted to this topic are analyzed, the rules for selecting parameters and principles for choosing laser therapy methods are systematized, taking into account the age and state of the child's nervous system, allowing for treatment to be carried out as safely and effectively as possible.

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to modern approaches to the treatment of Parkinson's disease and the prospects of new drugs. Given the advances in Parkinson's disease research and the emergence of new drugs, it is important to conduct an analysis of the range of drugs used in Parkinson's disease. Assortment analysis of the pharmaceutical market is aimed at studying the offer of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This article analyzes the assortment of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease registered in the years 2013-2023 of the State Register of drugs, medical products and medical equipment authorized for use in medical practice in the Republic of Uzbekistan [1,2,3]. The results of the assortment analysis are presented in the context of patient needs and quality requirements, which can be useful for manufacturers, distributors and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry.

Around the world, abortion is a serious health problem in many countries. Every year, about 53 million pregnancies end with induced abortion.[1] Post-abortion complications may not be as dangerous to health, such as pain, stress, and infection, but can sometimes lead to such complex complications as atony and perforation of the uterus. For this reason, it is important for doctors to know the main complications after abortion and to carry out preventive measures to reduce abortions. In this article are given information of analysis of post-abortion complications which was conducted by authors. Post-abortion complications represent a spectrum of emergencies, from minor lacerations to life-threatening complications requiring immediate intervention. Unsafe abortions have a much higher complication rate. These include bleeding, uterine perforation, and endometritis. A supportive and unbiased history and physical examination are key to identifying complications of safe abortions, as well as problems that arise after unsafe abortions.

To assess the level of preventive activity of military personnel, we will consider the factors determining this activity. According to the report on the study of the state of medical provision of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, conducted jointly by specialists from the Central Military Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Scientific Research Institute of Military Medicine (based on the Military Medical Academy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan).

Uremic toxins, which accumulate due to impaired renal function, have significant systemic effects, including detrimental impacts on the oral mucosa. These toxins are classified into small water-soluble molecules, protein-bound toxins, and middle molecules, each exerting unique pathological effects. This review explores the mechanisms through which these toxins contribute to epithelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Understanding these interactions is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate their impact on oral health.

Modern research highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach that considers both morphological changes and immune responses, ultimately allowing physicians to diagnose infertility more accurately and select effective treatment strategies. Therefore, the use of hysteroscopy and immunological markers in reproductive medicine is becoming an integral part of comprehensive examinations for women experiencing infertility issues.

This article is devoted to immunohistochemical studies associated with primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma - HCC) developed against the background of chronic viral hepatitis B, C. The topic is relevant, since HCC is one of the aggressive tumors with a high mortality rate, arising as a result of chronic hepatitis B and C, alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. The study included 30 patients examined in 2020-2023, all of whom were diagnosed with viral hepatitis B or C. In the immunohistochemical study, molecular genetic markers (Ki-67, Bcl-2, VEGF, and p53) were studied. According to the results, in cases of HCC associated with viral hepatitis, high proliferative activity (Ki-67 >20%), apoptosis index (Bcl-2), angiogenesis activity (VEGF), and p53 gene suppressor mutations were observed more often. Molecular-genetic markers in primary liver cancer are important in assessing the aggressiveness of the tumor, the degree of metastasis, and the response to treatment. The research results open up new possibilities for improving the diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy strategies for HCC.