Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare, potentially life-threatening hematopoietic disorder characterized by profound pancytopenia and bone marrow hypocellularity resulting from severe suppression of hematopoiesis. In the post-pandemic era, growing evidence suggests a possible association between AA and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the importance of early detection. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical manifestations of AA and advanced laboratory diagnostic methods, with particular emphasis on post-COVID complications. This work examines the key clinical and hematological features of AA, outlines internationally recognized diagnostic criteria, and discusses the role of molecular-genetic, immunological, and cytogenetic techniques in diagnostic confirmation. Special attention is given to the interpretation of hemograms, bone marrow evaluations, flow cytometry, and PCR-based assays, which are essential for differential diagnosis from other causes of cytopenias. The implementation of modern, high-precision laboratory technologies enhances early identification of AA, facilitates optimal therapeutic decision-making, and reduces the risk of severe complications, including post-COVID immune-mediated dysregulation.

Aplastic anemia, COVID-19, pancytopenia, laboratory diagnostics

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