This article is dedicated to the analysis of the semantic structure of toponymic units (phraseological units, proverbs, and constructions in literary discourse), a pressing issue in linguistics. In the study, the semantic layers of toponyms - denotation, connotation, evaluation, and pragmatic functions - were systematically studied. The main content of the article covers the following areas: The denotative layer is considered the referential core of the toponym, but it is interpreted not as an "absolute empty" indicator, but as a phenomenon that carries meaning in the process of nomination. Connotative layer: The connection of geographical names with historical background and collective memory. The evaluation component analyzes the axiological (positive/negative) nature of toponyms and their relationship to socio-psychological factors.Pragmatic functions: The impact of toponymic units in speech, particularly their cumulative (accumulating experience) and directive (directing) functions, is illustrated through proverbs.