The anatomical and physiological characteristics of the gallbladder are key to understanding the mechanisms of digestion, the regulation of bile secretion, and the pathogenesis of biliary diseases. The gallbladder serves as a reservoir and concentrate for bile, ensuring its rhythmic flow into the duodenum in response to food intake. Its structure—a mucous membrane with numerous folds, a muscular layer, and a serous coating—ensures its ability to stretch and perform powerful contractions. The sphincter apparatus (the sphincter of Oddi and Lutkens) plays a key role, regulating bile flow and preventing its retrograde flow. Innervation is mediated by parasympathetic and sympathetic influences, and hormonal regulation is mediated by cholecystokinin, gastronom, and secretin. Gallbladder dysfunction, bile stagnation, and changes in bile composition form the basis for the development of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, emphasizing the high clinical significance of studying its anatomical and physiological state.

Gallbladder, bile formation, bile secretion

Paltsev M.A., Yurchenko A.N. Human Anatomy: Textbook. - Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2022. - 856 p.

Arushanyan E.B., Markelov V.I. Physiology of the digestive system. - St. Petersburg: SpetsLit, 2021. - 412 p.

Sadchikov D.V., Lazarev A.N. Hepatobiliary system: anatomy, physiology, pathology. — Moscow: Practical Medicine, 2020. — 328 p.

Boron W.F., Boulpaep E.L. Medical Physiology. 3rd Edition. — Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2023. — 1320 p.

Guyton A.C., Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th Edition. — Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2021. — 1152 p.

Sherlock S., Dooley J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. 13th Edition. — Wiley-Blackwell, 2019. — 792 p.

European Association for the Study of the Liver. Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Prevention and Treatment of Gallstone Disease. Journal of Hepatology, 2023. — Vol. 78, №4. — P. 876–901.

Strasberg S.M. Biliary Anatomy and Variations: Clinical Relevance. HPB Surgery, 2020. — Vol. 22, №6. — P. 459–468.