This article examines the issue of ensuring the equivalence of national-cultural units in the process of translation between Turkish and Uzbek. Translation involves not only transferring lexical and grammatical meaning from one language into another, but also adequately conveying the national worldview, customs, traditions, historical experience, and cultural values characteristic of the source language in the target language. Although the historical and cultural proximity of the Turkish and Uzbek peoples facilitates the translation of certain national-cultural units through direct or functional equivalents, units associated with the specific socio-cultural experience of each nation present particular challenges for translators. The article analyzes the role of realia, phraseological units, proverbs and sayings, forms of address, and lexical units with cultural connotations in the translation process. It also highlights the importance of such methods as equivalence, functional substitution, descriptive translation, calque translation, and explication in translating national-cultural units.