This article analyses the stages of development of machine translation technologies from statistical approaches to modern neural and multilingual modelling paradigms. In particular, the theoretical and technological features of word-based statistical machine translation, phrase-based machine translation, neural machine translation, the attention mechanism, and the Transformer architecture are examined. In addition, such issues as subword segmentation, back-translation, unsupervised machine translation, pivot language-based translation, multilingual models, zero-shot translation, and the “curse of multilinguality” are considered from a scientific perspective. The study also analyses the capabilities of NLLB, Mixture-of-Experts, and Pretrain–Finetune paradigms, including the mBART model, aimed at improving translation quality for low-resource languages.
Types of Word-Based Statistical Machine Translation
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