In the Middle Ages, works covering mystical and scientific topics are known to have been written mainly in Arabic. This tradition continued in subsequent centuries; especially during the rule of the Shaybanids and Janids (Ashtarhanids), the Arabic language, along with Persian, continued to serve as the primary foundation for works dedicated to the sciences of the field. It should not be overlooked that most of the works widely read among the peoples of the region–particularly the poetic, prose, and specialized scientific works penned by scholars and intellectuals–demonstrate that these authors were able to skillfully express their ideas and objectives in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages. Outstanding examples of such classifications include hundreds of works composed by scholars in the Indian subcontinent who founded the Mujaddidi branch of the Naqshbandi order, such as the renewer of the second millennium–Mujaddidi Alfi al-Sani Sheikh Ahmad Al-Faruqi as-Sarhindi, Sheikh Muhammad Miyan Ma’sum ibn Ahmad as-Sarhindi, Muhammad Hisham ibn Muhammad Kasim, Muhammad Hashim Kashmi, and Murad ibn Abdullah al-Kazani.