The article is devoted to a theoretical and legal analysis of the concept of the social state in the context of modern constitutional and legal doctrine and the practice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The philosophical and scholarly origins of the idea of the social state in the works of Western and Eastern thinkers are examined, as well as the contribution of European and domestic legal scholarship to the formation of this concept. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of the social state as a constitutional principle that determines the content of state policy and the limits of discretion of public authorities. The fundamental principles of the social state—human dignity, social justice, social solidarity, equality, and the guaranteed nature of social rights—are analyzed, along with the specific features of their normative consolidation and implementation in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and strategic development documents. The article concludes that an “active social state” model is being formed in Uzbekistan, aimed at ensuring a decent standard of living, reducing social inequality, and guaranteeing the real enjoyment of social rights.