Skip to main content
editor@theusajournals.com | Oscar Publishing Services Journal Home

International Journal of Law And Criminology

Peer Reviewed | Open Access | E-ISSN: 2771-2214
Published Article

National Legislation of Uzbekistan In the Field of Countering Gender‑Based Digital Violence: State and Dynamics of Reforms

National Legislation of Uzbekistan In the Field of Countering Gender‑Based Digital Violence: State and Dynamics of Reforms

  • Sаbirovа Kuvаnchаy Bаbаmurаtovnа
    Independent Researcher, Lecturer Аt Аbu Rаyhon Beruni University, Uzbekistan
Gender‑based digital violence cyberviolence cyberstalking

The rapid digitalisation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, where Internet penetration reached 70.5 % by 2025, has brought to the fore the problem of gender‑based digital violence (cyberstalking, online harassment, doxxing, image‑based abuse and other forms of technology‑facilitated aggression). The article analyses the effectiveness of the national legislation of Uzbekistan in protecting women from digital (virtual) violence. The work uses comparative legal, formal‑legal, doctrinal methods and the method of legal modelling. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Protection of Women from Oppression and Violence” (2019), the Criminal Code, the Code of Administrative Responsibility and other normative acts in comparison with international standards (CEDAW, General Recommendation No. 35, etc.). Special attention is paid to the reform dynamics of 2023‑2026, including the Presidential Decree of March 3, 2026, which introduced into the legislation such new elements as “femicide”, “stalking”, “cyberviolence” and “online grooming”. Based on the conducted research, the main systemic gaps that remain today are identified: the absence of an independent prosecution structure, the gender neutrality of existing norms, the limited effect of protection orders in the digital environment and the absence of a provider liability mechanism. A four‑component reform strategy is proposed: adoption of a national strategy for countering violence, conceptual recognition of technologically conditioned gender‑based violence in specialised legislation, creation of an independent criminal‑legal framework and development of an institutional infrastructure to support victims.

Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Protection of Women from Oppression and Violence” (2019), No. LRU 561. URL: https://lex.uz

Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men” (2019), No. LRU 562. URL: https://lex.uz

Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. URL: https://lex.uz

Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Ombudsman)” of November 15, 2024. URL: https://ombudsman.uz

CEDAW Committee General Recommendation No. 35 on gender based violence against women, updating General Recommendation No. 19 (2017). URL: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org

Anhor.uz. (2025). 16 kun zo‘ravonlikka qarshi: nima uchun O‘zbekistonda qonun amaliyotdan oldinda — va raqamli reallikdan ortda qolmoqda. 26.11.2025. URL: https://anhor.uz

Academic Journal “Actual Problems of Humanities and Social Sciences”. (2025). ONLINE GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN UZBEKISTAN: GAPS IN LEGISLATION AND THE PATH FORWARD. 27.02.2025. URL: https://sciprofiles.com

LexUz. (2022). Amendments to the Law “On Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men”. URL: https://www.lex.uz

U.S. Department of State. (2024). DRL FY23 Citizens Engage on New GBV Law in Uzbekistan. 07.03.2024. URL: https://2021-2025.state.gov

Peacehumanity.org. (2026). Three Years Since Criminalisation: Gender Based Violence in Uzbekistan. 01.05.2026. URL: https://peacehumanity.org

The Oxford Blue. (2025). Naming the Violence: Uzbekistan Urged to Recognise Femicide. 01.11.2025. URL: https://theoxfordblue.co.uk

UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. (2023). Roundtable “Women and cybercrime”. URL: https://proacademy.uz