Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a critical public health issue globally, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that often requires renal replacement therapy, primarily through hemodialysis. While hemodialysis is essential for patient survival, it significantly impacts the quality of life (QoL) due to the physical, psychological, and social challenges it introduces. This study aims to assess the quality of life in hemodialysis patients, correlating these findings with various clinical outcomes to provide a comprehensive understanding of patient well-being and treatment efficacy.

Hemodialysis patients experience numerous adversities, including fatigue, dietary restrictions, fluid management issues, frequent hospital visits, and a general decrease in physical and mental health. These challenges contribute to a diminished QoL, necessitating a thorough evaluation to identify areas for improvement. This study aims to measure the QoL in hemodialysis patients using standardized tools and analyze the relationship between QoL scores and clinical outcomes such as laboratory results, hospitalization rates, and mortality. The ultimate goal is to identify key factors influencing QoL and develop targeted interventions to enhance patient care and outcomes.

Hemodialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. While it prolongs life, it also significantly impacts patients’ quality of life (QoL) and clinical outcomes. This study aims to comprehensively assess the QoL and clinical outcomes of hemodialysis patients. By employing validated QoL instruments and rigorous data collection methods, we will explore the factors influencing QoL, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, dialysis modality, and treatment-related complications. Additionally, we will examine the relationship between QoL and clinical outcomes such as mortality, hospitalization rates, and cardiovascular events. This research will provide valuable insights into the lived experiences of hemodialysis patients, identify factors associated with poor QoL, and inform the development of targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes and overall well-being.

The results of changes in Dalashai phenophases are presented in Table 1. While 40% of the plants were growing then, 90% of the plants were growing on March 15, 15 days later, that is, on June 25, the total humus period of 20% was announced, on June 1. If the flower head was observed on July 15 and was equal to 10%, then by July 25, that is, ten days later, during the general flowering period, this figure was 80-90%.

Sodium valproate (VPA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug associated with hepatotoxicity. Safranal, a bioactive compound derived from saffron, possesses hepatoprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of safranal against VPA-induced liver injury in rats. Rats were administered VPA to induce hepatotoxicity and concurrently or subsequently treated with safranal.

Liver function biomarkers, histopathological examination, oxidative stress markers, apoptotic parameters, and gene expression analysis were evaluated. VPA significantly elevated liver enzymes, induced histopathological changes, and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Safranal pretreatment or post-treatment significantly ameliorated VPA-induced liver injury, as evidenced by improved liver function tests, reduced histopathological alterations, and decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Mechanistically, safranal modulated the expression of genes involved in hepatoprotection, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that safranal possesses hepatoprotective potential against VPA-induced liver injury by mitigating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and modulating gene expression. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and explore the clinical application of safranal in VPA-associated liver toxicity.

Sodium valproate (SV) is a commonly used antiepileptic drug known for its efficacy but often associated with hepatotoxicity, posing a significant clinical challenge. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of safranal, a bioactive component of saffron, in mitigating SV-induced liver toxicity in a rat model, focusing on its effects on gene expression, oxidative stress parameters, and apoptosis.

Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, SV-treated (500 mg/kg), safranal-treated (50 mg/kg), and SV + safranal co-treated groups. Liver toxicity was induced by SV administration for 21 days, followed by safranal treatment for an additional 14 days. Liver function tests, histopathological examinations, and molecular analyses were conducted to evaluate the protective effects of safranal.

Safranal administration significantly ameliorated SV-induced liver damage as evidenced by reduced serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and improved histological architecture compared to the SV-treated group. Safranal attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase) and reducing lipid peroxidation levels. Furthermore, safranal modulated SV-induced alterations in gene expression, particularly those involved in apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2 ratio) and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6), thereby exerting anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

This study provides mechanistic insights into the protective effects of safranal against SV-induced liver toxicity, highlighting its potential therapeutic utility. Safranal's ability to mitigate oxidative stress, regulate gene expression related to apoptosis and inflammation, and preserve liver function underscores its promising role as a hepatoprotective agent. Further research is warranted to elucidate the full spectrum of safranal's molecular mechanisms and its clinical implications in managing drug- induced liver injuries.

Stomata are small microscopic openings found on the surface of the leaf and stem. Surrounding the stoma is a pair of guard cells. The stomata are a manifestation of stress in the skin. They work to regulate the flow of gases into and out of the leaf. The stomata are affected in terms of their development and opening by environmental changes, as changing environmental conditions affect their response. Stomata: Environmental factors, such as temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and light, are factors that play an important role in the development and opening of stomata.