Food adulteration and contamination represent significant threats to global public health, economic stability, and consumer trust. With increasing complexity in food supply chains, the detection of adulterants-whether intentional or accidental-has become a critical scientific and regulatory challenge. Conventional analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance have long been employed for food authentication and safety assessment. However, these methods often face limitations related to sensitivity, portability, and real-time applicability. In recent years, nanobiosensors have emerged as transformative tools capable of addressing these challenges by offering rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection mechanisms. This study provides a comprehensive and theoretically grounded analysis of nanobiosensor technologies for detecting chemical contaminants and adulterants in food systems, with a particular focus on dairy and meat products. Drawing exclusively from established literature, the research integrates insights from traditional analytical methods and advanced nanosensor technologies, examining their complementary roles. The study explores the physicochemical principles underlying nanomaterial-based sensing, including optical, electrochemical, and piezoresistive mechanisms. It further evaluates the application of gold nanoparticles, graphene-based materials, and fluoro-functionalized nanostructures in detecting adulterants such as melamine, synthetic additives, and species substitution in meat products. The findings indicate that nanobiosensors significantly enhance detection efficiency, offering real-time monitoring capabilities and potential integration with smart systems under the paradigm of Agriculture 4.0. However, challenges related to standardization, scalability, and regulatory acceptance remain critical. This research contributes to the advancement of food safety technologies by providing an in-depth theoretical framework and identifying pathways for future innovation in nanosensor-based detection systems.