It is well-established that external factors inevitably exert an influence at the level of human molecular mechanisms. These factors induce mutations and trigger the activation of oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes (growth factors, apoptosis inhibitors) and oncogenes (nuclear and Ras genes) are considered the fundamental basis of carcinogenesis. Tumors lead to severe clinical outcomes, such as astrocytoma, glioblastoma, as well as gastric and lung cancers. This research was conducted based on clinical data and biochemical analysis methods from the past six years. In conclusion, the study of biomarkers serves as a critical foundation for the early detection and diagnosis of neoplastic and genetic diseases.