Chitosan-based biocomposites have emerged as a highly versatile class of sustainable materials due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and chemical versatility. The integration of nanotechnology into chitosan matrices has led to significant advancements in mechanical performance, antimicrobial properties, thermal stability, and biological functionality. This extended review provides an in-depth examination of the structural characteristics of chitosan, the molecular mechanisms that govern its interactions with diverse nanomaterials, and the synthesis methodologies used for preparing advanced nanobiocomposites. Particular attention is given to polymer–nanofiller interfacial chemistry, nanoparticle dispersion behavior, physicochemical characterization techniques, and multifunctional applications across biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental, agricultural, food packaging, and industrial fields. The review also analyzes safety considerations, toxicity issues, production challenges, and future research prospects. The discussion demonstrates that nanotechnology not only enhances the intrinsic properties of chitosan but also expands its application potential for next-generation smart materials, controlled-release systems, biosensors, and environmentally friendly technologies.

Chitosan, biocomposites, nanotechnology, nanofibers

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