This article analyzes the species composition, ecological distribution, and major bioecological characteristics of mammals inhabiting the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve. The analysis demonstrates that mammalian distribution and population dynamics are determined primarily by vegetation structure, water availability, food resources, seasonal climatic conditions, habitat connectivity, and anthropogenic pressure. Special consideration is given to the rapid recovery of the Bukhara deer population and the ecological consequences of increasing population density. It is concluded that effective mammal conservation in the Lower Amudarya requires an ecosystem-based approach integrating population monitoring, protection and restoration of tugai vegetation, maintenance of suitable hydrological conditions, preservation of ecological corridors, and scientifically based management of anthropogenic impacts.