International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research

Comprehensive Management Framework For Medication-Related Oral Manifestations In Multimorbid Patient Populations

2025-11-14T05:59:52+00:00

The phenomenon of medication-related oral manifestations represents a significant and increasingly prevalent challenge in contemporary healthcare, particularly among patients with multiple comorbidities who require complex therapeutic regimens. The growing aging population, coupled with advances in medical treatment that allow patients with chronic conditions to live longer, has resulted in an unprecedented increase in polypharmacy practices, with approximately 40% of adults over 65 years taking five or more medications concurrently.

Improvement Of The Treatment Of Anorectal Diseases In Children

2025-11-22T09:52:42+00:00

Treatment of anorectal diseases in children is traditionally based on surgical methods, however, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in optimizing therapeutic approaches, including preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation, as well as additional non-medicinal measures. This is due to the fact that anorectal diseases can be accompanied not only by physical but also by psychological problems affecting the child's development. The complexity of treating such diseases lies in the diversity of clinical manifestations, possible comorbidities, and the need to consider the specifics of pediatric anatomy and physiology.

The Efficacy And Safety Of Aspirin For Stroke Prevention In Patients With High Vascular Risk: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials

2025-11-01T09:35:53+00:00

Background: Stroke remains a primary cause of global death and disability, imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Aspirin is a widely utilized and inexpensive agent for cardiovascular prevention, but its net clinical benefit in high-risk vascular patients is increasingly debated due to the critical trade-off between reducing ischemic events and elevating the risk of major bleeding. As therapeutic management of vascular risk factors improves, a contemporary synthesis of evidence is essential to refine clinical practice.

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to rigorously quantify the efficacy (ischemic stroke reduction) and safety (major bleeding events) of aspirin for stroke prevention in patient populations defined as having high vascular risk.

Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through May 2025. We included RCTs that compared daily aspirin against placebo or no treatment in adults identified with high vascular risk. The primary efficacy outcome was ischemic stroke, and the primary safety outcome was major bleeding. Data were pooled using a random-effects model to calculate summary Risk Ratios (RR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs), and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic.

Results: Our search identified 15 eligible RCTs, comprising a total of 152,477 participants. The meta-analysis revealed that aspirin therapy was associated with a statistically significant 14% relative reduction in the risk of ischemic stroke compared with control (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.95; P=0.003; I²=15%). Conversely, aspirin use led to a statistically significant and clinically important 45% relative increase in the risk of major bleeding (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.25-1.68; P<0.001; I²=22%). This included a 38% heightened risk of intracranial hemorrhage (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.15-1.65). While aspirin also reduced non-fatal myocardial infarction, it had no significant effect on all-cause mortality.

Conclusion: In patients with high vascular risk, aspirin confers a modest reduction in the incidence of ischemic stroke but at the cost of a substantial increase in the risk of major bleeding. This trade-off results in no net mortality benefit. The decision to prescribe aspirin, especially for primary prevention, must therefore move beyond generalized risk categories and requires a meticulous, individualized assessment of a patient's absolute ischemic and bleeding risks, facilitated by a shared decision-making process.

Analysis Of Diseases Of The Circulatory System Among Children

2025-11-15T11:59:00+00:00

This article scientifically analyzes the prevalence, main causes, and prevention methods of circulatory system diseases among children. Cardiovascular disorders are among the major health problems in childhood, as they negatively affect physical development, academic performance, and quality of life. The study discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic methods of congenital and acquired heart defects, arterial hypertension, and anemia. It also highlights preventive measures such as promoting a healthy lifestyle, balanced nutrition, and regular physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in children. The findings emphasize the importance of early detection and preventive strategies in improving pediatric health and developing effective national programs to combat circulatory system disorders.

Aplastic Anemia: Clinical Manifestations And Modern Laboratory Diagnostic Methods In The Context Of Post-COVID Complications

2025-11-28T11:01:32+00:00

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare, potentially life-threatening hematopoietic disorder characterized by profound pancytopenia and bone marrow hypocellularity resulting from severe suppression of hematopoiesis. In the post-pandemic era, growing evidence suggests a possible association between AA and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the importance of early detection. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical manifestations of AA and advanced laboratory diagnostic methods, with particular emphasis on post-COVID complications. This work examines the key clinical and hematological features of AA, outlines internationally recognized diagnostic criteria, and discusses the role of molecular-genetic, immunological, and cytogenetic techniques in diagnostic confirmation. Special attention is given to the interpretation of hemograms, bone marrow evaluations, flow cytometry, and PCR-based assays, which are essential for differential diagnosis from other causes of cytopenias. The implementation of modern, high-precision laboratory technologies enhances early identification of AA, facilitates optimal therapeutic decision-making, and reduces the risk of severe complications, including post-COVID immune-mediated dysregulation.

Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Small Drug-Like Molecules (Aspirin Analogues) Against Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

2025-11-13T07:18:02+00:00

Colorectal cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for new and effective anticancer agents. This study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of eight aspirin analogues (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2) against human colorectal cancer H630 WT cell lines. The results showed that the degree of growth inhibition varied depending on the structural differences among the compounds. The analogues A2, B1, B2, and D2 demonstrated the most pronounced cytotoxic activity, significantly reducing cell viability. These findings suggest that especially A2, B2, and D2 are promising candidates for further investigation as potential anticancer agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Simulation-Based Learning For The Formation Of Professional Competencies In Medical Students

2025-11-22T09:37:15+00:00

This study explores the effectiveness of simulation-based learning in developing professional competencies among medical students. The research focuses on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), emergency care, and clinical decision-making. Simulation provides a safe, controlled, and interactive environment that enables students to practice critical clinical skills, receive immediate feedback, and engage in team-based scenarios.

A total of 60 third- and fourth-year students participated, divided equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent structured simulation-based training, while the control group received traditional theoretical instruction. Pre- and post-training assessments, including OSCE, performance checklists, and self-efficacy questionnaires, were analyzed. Results showed significant improvement in practical skills, clinical reasoning, teamwork, and confidence in the experimental group. The study highlights the essential role of simulation in modern medical curricula and provides recommendations for integrating simulation-based education to enhance patient safety and healthcare outcomes.

The Pragmatics Of Co-Creation: Reader, Author, And Voice In The Fictional Space

2025-11-15T10:46:01+00:00

This paper explores the dynamic interplay between author and reader in the creation of literary meaning, framed through a pragmatic and dialogic lens. Drawing on the theories of Mey, Bakhtin, Barthes, and Ryan, it examines how writing functions as a process of seduction and co-creation, in which the reader is both guided by and actively reconstructs the author’s textual world. Concepts such as immersion, interactivity, deixis, and focalization are discussed as pragmatic mechanisms that enable the reader’s participation in meaning-making. Through examples from Trollope, Cortázar, Austen, and Tolstoy, the study demonstrates how voice, perspective, and linguistic cues orchestrate a multilayered dialogue between text, author, and reader. Ultimately, literary communication emerges as a social act grounded in shared consciousness and pragmatic cooperation, where texts come to life only through the reader’s engaged response.

Mechanism Of The Virchow’s Triad In The Development Of Thrombosis

2025-11-26T13:26:25+00:00

Thrombosis is a complex pathological process characterized by the formation of a blood clot within the vascular system, which is one of the most dangerous conditions for human health [1]. In explaining this process, the concept of Virchow's triad — endothelial damage, impaired blood flow (stasis), and hyperhomocoagulation — is accepted as the main pathophysiological mechanism [2]. In the last decade, molecular and clinical studies of each component of this triad have revealed many new aspects of the development of thrombosis [3]. For example, endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of atherosclerosis, hypertension, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which leads to the loss of anticoagulant properties of the vascular wall and creates conditions for thrombus formation [4]. Stasis of blood flow is observed in the venous system, especially in conditions such as heart failure, varicose veins, or prolonged immobilization, and it increases erythrocyte aggregation and platelet adhesion to the wall [5]. Hyperhemocoagulation can be associated with genetic mutations (e.g., F5 Leiden or Prothrombin G20210A) or develop secondarily as a result of pregnancy, cancer, or autoimmune diseases [6].

Studies from 2020–2025 have shown that these three factors are interconnected and synergistically increase the risk of thrombosis [7]. Also, using RNA-seq and proteomics technologies, the expression of endothelial inflammatory markers (e.g., ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-6) has been found to increase the susceptibility to thrombosis [8]. At the same time, thrombotic events associated with cardiovascular diseases, COVID-19 infection, and hormonal therapy are also explained on the basis of Virchow's triad [9].

This article analyzes the role of each component of Virchow's triad in the formation of thrombosis and their modern molecular mechanisms. The results of the study provide an important theoretical and practical basis for individualizing the prevention and treatment of thrombosis [10].

Clinical Features Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease And Renal Dysfunction

2025-11-13T07:06:45+00:00

Purpose: to study the development of renal dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical history of 609 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of varying severity aged 24 to 82 years, who were hospitalized in the pulmonology department of the multidisciplinary clinic of the Tashkent Medical Academy in 2020-2023, was conducted. At the same time, the 1st degree of severity was 23 (3.8%), the 2nd degree was 117 (19.6%), the 3rd degree was 141 (23%), and the 4th degree was 328 (53.6%) patients. Results: in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes in kidney function are observed as a result of systemic inflammation, hypoxia, and hemodynamic changes. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a significant increase in the indicators of C-reactive protein, urea, serum creatinine, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was revealed (p<0.05). This indicated an intensification of the systemic inflammatory process. Conclusion: It was established that as the disease progressed, the levels of urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate significantly increased. Changes in these indicators are early signs of decreased kidney function under the influence of chronic pulmonary hypoxia and systemic inflammation.

Infertility In India: A Comprehensive Narrative Review Of Epidemiological, Psychosocial, And Genetic Risk Factors (2010–2024)

2025-11-22T09:21:48+00:00

Background: Infertility, the inability to achieve conception after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse, is a growing reproductive health concern in India. Despite being recognized as a public health issue with major psychosocial consequences, infertility remains under-researched and stigmatized. Global prevalence is estimated at 8–12%, yet Indian data vary regionally due to differences in healthcare access, social norms, and biological determinants.

Objective: This narrative review synthesizes epidemiological, clinical, psychosocial, and molecular research on infertility in India from 2010–2024, highlighting prevalence patterns, regional variations, and key risk factors influencing reproductive outcomes.

Methods: A narrative synthesis was conducted using eight major studies published between 2010 and 2024, encompassing community surveys, hospital-based cross-sectional analyses, and a genetic case–control investigation. Comparative interpretation focused on sociodemographic, reproductive, psychological, and genetic domains influencing primary and secondary infertility.

Results: The prevalence of infertility in Indian populations ranged between 6% and 13%, consistent with WHO global estimates. Primary infertility predominated in younger, rural populations, while secondary infertility was more common among women with prior reproductive or infectious histories. Key determinants included age at marriage, menstrual irregularities, RTI/STI history, PCOD, socioeconomic status, and psychological stress. Genetic studies identified novel associations between VEGF promoter polymorphisms (−2578C/A, −2549I/D, −460T/C) and infertility risk in North-West Indians. Psychosocial research revealed infertility-specific stress in up to 80% of affected women.

Conclusion: Infertility in India is multifactorial, reflecting complex interactions among biological, social, and genetic variables. Regional disparities persist, underscoring the need for holistic interventions integrating reproductive health services, mental health care, and molecular diagnostics.

Confocal Morphometricity Of Respiratory Organ Hamartoma

2025-11-14T08:02:54+00:00

In the morphometric study of lung and bronchial hamartomas, the main features were the ratio of parenchyma and mesenchyma of this tissue, the various cellular composition of its composition, the area occupied by blood vessels, the area occupied by fibrous structures in the tissue composition, the width of the alveolar spaces in the area where the hamartoma was detected, and the diameter of the bronchioles. The main features were focused on the subunits on the occupied surface. In the morphometric study of the changes developing in the vessels, previously prepared micropreparations were scanned at 200x magnification in NanoZummer, and the obtained two-dimensional images were determined using the QuPath-0.5.0. program. The results were compared with the changes in the control group and analyzed.

Neuroimaging Features In Patients With Lacunar Ischemic And Hemorrhagic Stroke

2025-11-26T13:18:30+00:00

The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroimaging and ultrasound characteristics of cerebral blood flow in patients with lacunar ischemic (LI) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). A total of 120 patients were examined, including 80 with LI and 40 with HS. MRI/MSCT, color dopplerography, and transcranial dopplerography (TCDG) were used. It was revealed that LI patients were characterized by predominantly atherosclerotic changes with bilateral stenosis of the main cerebral arteries, decreased LBFV, and thickened IMC, even with moderate blood pressure. Patients with HS were more likely to have high blood pressure and vascular deformation without significant stenosis. The findings highlight the diagnostic value of comprehensive neuroimaging and BCA ultrasound for the differential diagnosis and prognosis of cerebrovascular disorders.

Patient Specific Stereolithographic Template Guided Resection Of Skull Bone Tumors

2025-11-13T06:14:08+00:00

Background: Although surgical techniques for the treatment of skull bone tumors have advanced considerably, there is still no unified or structured concept that defines the optimal surgical and reconstructive strategy for these lesions. Careful preoperative planning, particularly the digital design of resection margins and the fabrication of patient-specific stereolithographic templates based on MSCT data, offers surgeons the possibility of performing more accurate and aesthetically predictable operations.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the practical benefits of using patient-specific stereolithographic templates to determine the extent of bone resection in patients with skull bone tumors.

Methods: The analysis included 12 patients with skull bone tumors who underwent resection with the assistance of an individually manufactured stereolithographic guide. Each template was generated using three-dimensional CT data, allowing the surgical team to define resection lines with high precision before surgery. The main indication for intervention was aesthetic deformity. Postoperative evaluation involved follow-up CT imaging and assessment of both functional and cosmetic results.

Results: The planned resection boundaries were reproduced intraoperatively with high accuracy in all patients. Eight individuals underwent simultaneous cranioplasty. Implant positioning was performed without technical difficulties, achieving satisfactory symmetry and contour. No postoperative complications were observed, and all patients were discharged in stable condition.

Conclusion: The use of patient-specific stereolithographic templates helped shorten operative time while ensuring radical tumor removal. Immediate cranioplasty allowed for aesthetic restoration of cranial contours and eliminated the need for secondary procedures.

Clinical Characteristics, Metabolic Factors And Target Organ Damage In Patients With Uncontrolled Arterial Hypertension

2025-11-20T05:11:39+00:00

Background: Despite significant progress in the pharmacological management of hypertension, uncontrolled arterial hypertension (UAH) remains a critical global health problem. The persistence of elevated blood pressure (BP) despite treatment is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, metabolic abnormalities, and irreversible damage to target organs.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and metabolic profile, modifiable risk factors, and structural organ damage among patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension in Uzbekistan.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among 362 patients aged 35–75 years with stage II–III hypertension who failed to achieve target BP (<140/90 mmHg) despite ongoing therapy. Clinical parameters (BMI, HR, BP), biochemical markers (glucose, lipids, uric acid, creatinine), and instrumental data (echocardiography, funduscopy) were analyzed. GFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation. Statistical processing was performed with SPSS v26 using t-test, χ² test, and logistic regression.

Results: Men comprised 57.3% of the sample (mean age 58.2 ± 9.1 years). The main metabolic disorders were obesity (64%), dyslipidemia (48%), hyperuricemia (41%), and hyperglycemia (35%). Frequent BP surges (>1/week) occurred in 38% of patients and were associated with significantly higher left ventricular mass index (129 ± 15 vs. 112 ± 12 g/m²; p < 0.01), microalbuminuria (46%), and reduced GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (27%). Independent predictors of uncontrolled BP included obesity (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.2–3.8), hyperuricemia (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.1–3.2), and HR > 80 bpm (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.03–2.5).

Conclusion: UAH represents a multifactorial condition where metabolic imbalance and organ involvement interact to sustain poor BP control. Addressing obesity, hyperuricemia, and lifestyle determinants should be prioritized to improve BP regulation and reduce cardiovascular risk.

Pathomorphology Of Cardiac Vessels In Myacardial Infarction

2025-11-28T11:29:57+00:00

This scientific article examines the key morphological changes occurring in coronary vessels and myocardial tissue during infarction, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms of ischemic injury, the dynamics of necrotic processes, and microcirculatory responses. Myocardial infarction is one of the most studied, yet still incompletely understood, pathologies of the cardiovascular system, as the morphological presentation of the disease depends on numerous variables—the nature of atherosclerotic changes, the types of acute coronary thrombosis, the degree of collateral circulation, and the time of reperfusion. Analysis of vascular pathology reveals a complex cascade of structural abnormalities, including atheromatous intimal damage, rupture of the fibrous plaque cap, formation of a mural or occlusive thrombus, and endothelial spasm and dysfunction, which together lead to a critical reduction in coronary blood flow.

During ischemia, the myocardium undergoes successive stages of morphological remodeling—from reversible cardiomyocyte damage to coagulative necrosis, the development of an acute inflammatory response, the formation of granulation tissue, and late scarring. Microcirculatory disturbances play a significant role in the development of this morphological picture: stasis, sludge phenomenon, plasma impregnation of vascular walls, capillary rupture, and diapedetic hemorrhages. These processes intensify the zone of necrosis and determine the subsequent organization of damaged tissue. The article focuses on the relationship between the morphological state of the coronary vessels and the clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction, which is of fundamental importance for diagnosis, selection of treatment tactics, and prognosis. The presented material reflects a modern view of the pathogenetic mechanisms of infarction and can serve as a basis for further research in the field of cardiopathology.

Multi-Biomarker Strategies For Improved Diagnosis Of Endometriosis

2025-11-14T06:45:55+00:00

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disorder affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-age women, often leading to pelvic pain, infertility, and reduced quality of life. Diagnosis is typically delayed by several years due to reliance on invasive laparoscopy rather than reliable non-invasive biomarkers. CA-125 remains the cornerstone biomarker, particularly effective in advanced and ovarian endometriosis, but its limited specificity necessitates combination with other markers. Integrative multi-biomarker strategies combining CA-125 with Annexin A5 (ANXA5), HE4, CA72-4, and inflammatory indices like the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy. Urinary biomarkers such as vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) further improve non-invasive detection, achieving high sensitivity (up to 90.9%) and specificity (76.5%). Incorporating clinical parameters, including cyst morphology, dysmenorrhea, and BMI, refines diagnostic precision and staging. Dynamic-phase CA-125 measurement across menstrual cycles also increases accuracy in deep infiltrative endometriosis. Overall, multi-marker, integrative approaches combining serum, urinary, and clinical data hold promise for earlier, more accurate, and less invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Future research should focus on validating standardized biomarker panels and defining optimal cut-off values to reduce diagnostic delays and improve patient outcomes globally.

Enhancing Medical Terminology Acquisition Through Authentic Drug Instructions For Medical Students

2025-11-24T13:25:44+00:00

This article explores the integration of authentic drug instructions (ADIs)—real pharmaceutical leaflets written in the target language—into medical language education as a means to improve the acquisition and retention of medical terminology. Drawing on a pilot program conducted at Bukhara State Medical Institute, this study demonstrates how ADIs can support contextual learning, enhance reading comprehension, and foster deeper engagement through interactive activities like student-generated quizzes on Kahoot. Key challenges, such as linguistic complexity and student motivation, are also addressed with practical solutions. The results suggest that ADIs not only bolster vocabulary acquisition but also prepare students for real-world clinical communication and professional development.

Mechanisms Of Apoptosis Of T Killer Cells

2025-11-11T05:57:01+00:00

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL or T killer cells) play an important role in the body's immune defense. They activate the apoptosis mechanism to destroy virus-infected or tumor cells. This article reviews the main pathways of T killer cells that induce apoptosis — the perforin-granzyme system, the Fas-FasL pathway, and the mitochondrial pathway. Studies conducted over the past decade have further elucidated the molecular basis of these mechanisms and opened up new directions in the field of immunotherapy.

Comprehensive Pharmacotherapy Of Acute Pneumonia In Young Children, Taking Into Account The Degree Of Endotoxemia And Disease Outcomes

2025-11-18T07:30:18+00:00

This article analyzes the clinical course of acute pneumonia in young children, the pathogenetic significance of the level of endotoxemia, and the effectiveness of complex pharmacotherapy approaches. It is scientifically proven that an increase in endotoxin load is closely related to the exacerbation of the inflammatory process, intoxication syndrome, respiratory failure, and microcirculatory disorders. The study evaluated laboratory parameters, inflammatory mediators, and metabolic changes, and developed differential treatment methods depending on the level of endotoxemia. The complex pharmacotherapy included antibacterial, detoxification, inflammation-controlling, antioxidant, and symptomatic treatment methods. The results obtained showed that individualization of therapy taking into account the endotoxemia factor accelerates clinical recovery, reduces the risk of complications, and accelerates the regression of infiltrative processes in the lungs.

Current Concepts In The Diagnosis And Therapeutic Management Of Facial Pain

2025-11-28T11:19:38+00:00

Facial pain encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders differing in etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Atypical facial pain remains the least investigated form of prosopalgia, largely due to its multifactorial origin and the prominent role of psychogenic factors. The condition is often associated with depressive and anxiety disorders, chronic stress, and other affective disturbances that disrupt central pain modulation. Effective diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, psychiatrists, and dental specialists, with differential diagnosis essential to distinguish between neuropathic, myogenic, and psychogenic mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies are predominantly empirical and include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, botulinum toxin injections, and non-pharmacological interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, biofeedback, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Despite significant clinical progress, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of atypical facial pain remain insufficiently understood, underscoring the need for further research into biomarkers of central sensitization and individualized treatment approaches.

The Role Of Prolonged Stress Syndrome In The Pathogenesis Of Chronic Cerebrovascular Failure

2025-11-14T05:55:08+00:00

The problem of chronic dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DCE) occupies one of the leading places in the structure of cerebrovascular pathology, determining high rates of morbidity, disability, and mortality in the population of middle-aged and elderly individuals. According to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of DEP in the general population is 2-8%, while with age, an exponential increase in morbidity is observed: from 1-2% in the 45-54 age group to 15-20% in individuals over 75. The modern concept of the pathogenesis of dyscirculatory encephalopathy is based on the understanding of the multifactorial nature of the disease, including vascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Traditionally, researchers' main attention is focused on studying classical risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases: arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and other somatic pathologies.

Pathogenetic Mechanisms And Clinical Manifestations Of Cardiac Inficiency With Normal Systolic Function Of The Left Ventricle (Analytical Review)

2025-11-22T09:44:42+00:00

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction remains the central link in HFpEF pathogenesis, including slowed active myocardial relaxation and decreased heart chamber flexibility. The molecular mechanisms of diastolic dysfunction include cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis disorders, changes in titin properties, fibrous changes in the myocardium, and energy metabolism disorders. These processes lead to an increase in left ventricular filling pressure and the development of clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure while maintaining normal myocardial contractility.

Pragmatic And Linguistic Features Of Medical Communication In English And Uzbek

2025-11-15T10:47:00+00:00

This study examines the pragmatic and linguistic characteristics of medical communication in English and Uzbek, focusing on the influence of cultural and linguistic factors on doctor–patient interactions. It highlights how variations in politeness strategies, nonverbal behavior, and medical terminology reflect broader cultural values and communication norms. English medical discourse tends to emphasize patient-centeredness, indirectness, and shared decision-making, while Uzbek medical communication often exhibits a more hierarchical dynamic, valuing clarity and respect for authority. The paper underscores the importance of intercultural pragmatic competence in healthcare settings and suggests that awareness of linguistic and cultural differences enhances patient satisfaction, improves diagnostic accuracy, and strengthens trust in medical interactions.

Dental Status Of Patients With Gastrointestinal Diseases (Literature Review)

2025-11-28T10:51:02+00:00

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases are often accompanied by pronounced changes in the oral cavity, which is due to the anatomical and physiological unity of the gastric and oral mucosa. This article provides an overview of current data on the relationship between functional and organic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, etc.) and pathological manifestations in the oral mucosa, tongue, periodontium, and dental hard tissues. Characteristic clinical signs are described, including hyposalivation, pH changes, dystrophic and inflammatory processes, tongue papillae lesions, coating formation, as well as an increased risk of caries and periodontal diseases. Special attention is given to microbiological changes, including the influence of Helicobacter pylori and oral dysbiosis. The authors emphasize the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with combined dental and gastroenterological pathology. Understanding the comorbidity of these diseases allows for increasing the effectiveness of dental care and improving patients' quality of life.

On The Role Of The Variable Site C. -1082G>A Of The Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene IL10 In The Pathogenesis Of Inflammatory And Ulcerative Lesions Of The Stomach

2025-11-13T07:12:31+00:00

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine that plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive processes in the body. Objective:This study aims to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) c. -1082G>A of the IL10 gene promoter located in the 1q31-32 locus of the first human chromosome with inflammatory and ulcerative lesions of the stomach. Material and methods. The study included 96 unrelated patients of the Uzbek population with inflammatory and ulcerative diseases of the stomach, including: 18 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, 13 with chronic erosive gastritis and 55 with gastric ulcer. Conclusion. It is assumed that the homozygous AA genotype (c. -1082G>A, rs1800896) of the IL10 gene may be associated with the development of inflammatory and ulcerative gastric lesions, which may be due to reduced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Further studies with a larger sample are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Contemporary Approaches To The Diagnosis Of Metabolically Associated Fatty Liver Disease

2025-11-22T09:32:54+00:00

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now referred to as metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide, closely linked to the growing obesity epidemic. Despite the growing prevalence of this disease, there is a notable lack of pharmacological agents specifically designed to treat MAFLD. This gap in therapeutic options can be explained by the multifaceted nature of MAFLD, characterized by an incomplete understanding of its underlying mechanisms, a lack of accurate and accessible imaging tools, and the inadequacy of non-invasive biomarkers for effective diagnosis and monitoring.

In addition, this review highlights existing methods for diagnosing MAFLD and emphasizes the growing importance of non-coding RNAs as promising diagnostic biomarkers. Today, the urgent need for non-invasive biomarkers combined with accurate and cost-effective diagnostic tools cannot be overstated, as they play a key role in identifying early signs of MAFLD progression.

Translating The Taste Of Tradition: Linguistic And Cultural Strategies In Rendering Uzbek Food Terminology Into English

2025-11-15T10:43:54+00:00

Translating Uzbek food terminology presents a complex intersection of language, culture, and cognition, where the absence of direct equivalents in the target language compels translators to employ diverse strategies. This article examines the principal methods used to render Uzbek culinary terms into English, highlighting the challenges of maintaining cultural authenticity while ensuring intelligibility for non-Uzbek readers. The analysis focuses on transliteration, explanation, functional replacement (cultural substitution), and supplementary techniques such as calque, synonymic replacement, and descriptive transfer. Transliteration preserves the phonetic and cultural integrity of source terms like osh or palov, yet risks alienating readers unfamiliar with the culture. Explanatory and descriptive translation enhance cultural clarity by elaborating on ingredients and preparation methods, though they may burden the text stylistically. Functional replacement allows translators to convey equivalent impact through culturally resonant substitutions, as seen in the adaptation of idioms and dish names. The article further explores how figurative equivalence, such as rendering oysimon makaron for “elbow macaroni,” demonstrates the translator’s negotiation between semantic fidelity and cultural resonance. Overall, the study underscores that translating Uzbek food terminology requires not only linguistic competence but also cultural sensitivity and interpretive flexibility to bridge conceptual gaps and preserve the symbolic weight of national cuisine.

Relationship Of Living Area In Adaptation Mechanisms

2025-11-26T13:22:37+00:00

During the study, indicators such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), identity crisis, culture shock, language barriers, social isolation, as well as the level of social support and integration were studied in a systematic approach. In particular, cases of high sensitivity among women, children and the elderly were highlighted. The results of the study show that adaptation strategies, social networks and culturally adapted psychological support services play an important role in reducing migratory stress. The study was conducted based on articles published in international databases such as Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, JSTOR between 2015 and 2025.

Modern Diagnostic Approaches For Metabolic Alterations And Liver Fibrosis In Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2025-11-13T06:59:54+00:00

This study is devoted to the assessment of metabolic changes and the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including steatosis of varying degrees. The study included 90 patients with NAFLD and 45 people in the control group.

Research methods: clinical and laboratory methods, ultrasound elastometry (FibroScan), DEBQ questionnaire to identify eating disorders, molecular genetic analysis of the expression level of microRNA-221.

Anatomous And Physiology Of The Gallbladder

2025-11-20T12:13:33+00:00

The anatomical and physiological characteristics of the gallbladder are key to understanding the mechanisms of digestion, the regulation of bile secretion, and the pathogenesis of biliary diseases. The gallbladder serves as a reservoir and concentrate for bile, ensuring its rhythmic flow into the duodenum in response to food intake. Its structure—a mucous membrane with numerous folds, a muscular layer, and a serous coating—ensures its ability to stretch and perform powerful contractions. The sphincter apparatus (the sphincter of Oddi and Lutkens) plays a key role, regulating bile flow and preventing its retrograde flow. Innervation is mediated by parasympathetic and sympathetic influences, and hormonal regulation is mediated by cholecystokinin, gastronom, and secretin. Gallbladder dysfunction, bile stagnation, and changes in bile composition form the basis for the development of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, emphasizing the high clinical significance of studying its anatomical and physiological state.

Assessment Of Periodontal Microcirculation In Patients With Jaw Alveolar Process Fractures Using Different Immobilization Techniques

2025-11-28T11:33:58+00:00

This article presents the findings of an evaluation of periodontal microcirculation during the immobilization period in patients with fractures of the jaw alveolar process. The study demonstrates that, alongside standard fracture management, it is essential to implement measures aimed at improving microcirculatory parameters and preventing the progression of inflammatory-destructive changes in periodontal tissues. The use of such supportive approaches contributes to maintaining periodontal tissue viability and reducing the risk of complications.

Development Of A Physical Activity Program For Women With Arterial Hypertension

2025-11-14T06:53:39+00:00

In this article, we studied the health status of women. We analyzed and assessed women by age, sex, hereditary diseases, concomitant diseases and several principles. We summarized all the data in graphs, and it turned out that from the collected data, it turned out that most of the disease and mortality rates are in the middle (132.) and old (101) age, while we are talking about ages.

Comparative Assessment Of Quality Of Life In Patients With Partial Removable Dentures Using Artificial Teeth Of Varying Hardness

2025-11-24T13:30:07+00:00

Partial tooth loss remains a common problem that negatively affects patients' quality of life. Restoration of masticatory function is typically achieved using removable dentures, while the properties of artificial teeth, particularly their hardness, can affect the wear resistance of the denture, distribution of masticatory pressure, and clinical outcomes. Data on the impact of artificial tooth hardness on the quality of life of patients with partial removable dentures is needed. The aim of the study is to compare the clinical outcomes of prosthetic treatment with partial removable dentures using artificial teeth of varying hardness by assessing patients' quality of life. Data on the impact of artificial tooth hardness on the quality of life of patients with partially removable prostheses is necessary. The purpose of the study is to compare the clinical outcomes of partially removable dentures using artificial teeth of varying hardness, assessing the quality of life of patients.

Mechanisms Of Phagocytosis Of Neutrophils

2025-11-11T06:00:53+00:00

This article analyzes the mechanisms of phagocytosis of neutrophil granulocytes, their role in the defense processes against microorganisms, their molecular basis, and new mechanisms identified in recent years. Neutrophils are the most important component of the immune system, which eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis, degranulation, and NETosis. Studies conducted during 2015–2025 have further revealed the mechanisms of oxidative burst, receptor-mediated signal transduction, and endosomal activity in phagocytosis.

Clinical, Laboratory, And Immunological Changes In The Urinary System In Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

2025-11-18T07:32:24+00:00

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints in children, characterized by autoimmune damage to connective tissue and systemic manifestations. Among extra-articular lesions, particular importance is attached to the involvement of the urinary system, which significantly affects the course, prognosis, and treatment strategy of the disease.

Objective: To study the clinical and immunological changes in the urinary system in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients aged 4–17 years were examined. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory, and immunological studies.

Results: Urinary system involvement was detected in 66 (82.5%) children, manifested by leukocyturia (79%), proteinuria (52%), hematuria (35%), and the presence of salts in the urine (32%). Serum IL-6 levels were elevated 5.8-fold, particularly in polyarticular and systemic forms of the disease.

The Importance Of Iodine Deficiency And Thyroid Diseases In Human Health

2025-11-28T11:24:24+00:00

Iodine is an essential trace element for human health. Iodine performs various functions in the human body, especially in the production of thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine and thyroxine. In addition, it affects the immune, cardiovascular, reproductive and gastrointestinal systems. Studies have shown that thyroid diseases are associated with impaired functioning of all organs and tissues, especially a number of cardiovascular complications, which are associated with an increased risk of death. Recently, the effect of replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system in cases of thyroid hormone deficiency has been the subject of much debate and different opinions.