International Journal Of Literature And Languages

A Linguapoetic and Linguastylistic Analysis of Victor Hugo's Novel “Notre Dame De Paris”

2026-01-11T15:50:37+00:00

This article discusses the lexical features of Victor Hugo's novel "The Hunchback of Notre Dame." A general description of the vocabulary of Victor Hugo's novel "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" represents an outstanding example of the artistic language of French Romanticism. The work's vocabulary serves not only as a narrative tool but also as a tool for creating a complex poetic structure, in which every word carries semantic, emotional, and symbolic weight. The narrator's speech is dominated by archaisms, rare poetic expressions, and ecclesiastical terminology, creating an atmosphere of the medieval era and enhancing historical authenticity. For example, when describing the cathedral, the author uses words with ancient roots and a solemn sound: "sanctuary," "chapel," "transept," and "canopy." These lexemes immerse the reader in the spirit of Gothic space, where architecture becomes a symbol of eternity and spiritual power.

Realization Of Synesthetic Metaphors In The Phenomenon Of Oxymoron

2026-01-22T12:26:52+00:00

It is known that semantic valency serves as the primary basis for the syntagmatic relationships between words. For two specific words to form a combination, their semantic structure must have the potential for this combination; otherwise, illogicality may arise. However, such a limitation is characteristic of literary language and does not have the same effect on artistic speech. Representatives of artistic speech are so unique that they create strong logical units and poetic figures by combining words that cannot enter into semantic valence, thus producing illogicality. As a result, unusual word combinations that don't fit into conventional molds are created.

This article reveals the peculiarities of the oxymoron phenomenon in the syntactic relationships of units perceived through contradictory, mutually exclusive, and different feelings.

Linguistic Expressiveness, Stylistic Semantics, And Interpretative Variability In English And Comparative Philology

2026-01-01T02:30:35+00:00

The present study offers a comprehensive and theoretically grounded investigation into linguistic expressiveness, stylistic semantics, and interpretative variability within English and comparative philology. Drawing strictly on the provided corpus of scholarly works, the article synthesizes research in stylistics, lexico-semantic theory, phonostylistics, discourse pragmatics, translation studies, aspectology, and literary analysis. The central aim is to demonstrate how expressiveness in language functions as an integrative phenomenon, uniting phonetic, lexical, grammatical, pragmatic, and cultural dimensions. The study foregrounds the interaction between form and meaning, emphasizing connotation, stylistic coloring, and contextual modulation as key mechanisms shaping textual interpretation. Special attention is devoted to scientific and literary discourse, highlighting how expressiveness manifests differently across genres while remaining governed by shared linguistic principles. Methodologically, the research employs qualitative comparative analysis, contextual-semantic interpretation, and integrative theoretical modeling. The results reveal that expressiveness is not an optional aesthetic layer but a core structural principle of language, deeply embedded in semantic variability, discourse strategies, and cultural transmission. The discussion elaborates on theoretical implications for modern linguistics, translation theory, and language pedagogy, identifying limitations rooted in corpus scope and proposing directions for future interdisciplinary research. The article concludes that a holistic understanding of expressiveness and stylistic semantics is essential for advancing contemporary philological studies and for fostering more nuanced approaches to language analysis, interpretation, and education.

An Interpretation Of The Gathering Of The Moths Around The True Candle

2026-01-17T06:42:38+00:00

In Eastern classical literature, particularly in Sufi literature, there exist numerous paired symbolic images. Poets have created ghazals, stories, debates, and masnavis devoted to these images. The pair of the candle and the moth is one such symbolic image, which poets have widely and effectively employed in their works. Alisher Navoi also made extensive use of these paired images in his writings. This article analyzes the story of the candle and the moth presented in Navoi’s epic “Lison ut-tair.” The role of these images within the narrative and their thematic significance are examined. In particular, the true identity, purpose, and self-sacrificing nature of the moth are explored.

Methodology For Analyzing the Phenomenon of Adolescence in Comparative Literary Studies

2026-01-11T15:35:50+00:00

Comparative Literary Studies as one of the most important scientific areas, delves into literary processes, images and their evolution in diverse national, cultural and modern contexts. In this regard, the phenomenon of adolescence is also subject to scientific scrutiny precisely through Comparative Literary Studies, occupying a special place in the global and national literary processes. Adolescence is a process of creative growth, self-realization in the important, anguished and equal of human life. In literature, the image of this period is illuminated full of strong emotions, fiery aspirations and contradictions. The study of the phenomenon of adolescence on the basis of a comparative method means, first of all, the identification of the main psychological, social and spiritual processes at this stage and the analysis of the way in which they are reflected in works of art.

The Significance Of Modern Russian Phraseology In Speech And Teaching Competence

2026-01-20T18:15:47+00:00

This article analyzes the role of Russian phraseology in oral and written speech, as well as its communicative, expressive, and stylistic functions. The study highlights the importance of phraseological units in enriching speech, expressing ideas vividly and effectively, and their linguodidactic value in the process of learning the Russian language.

Speech Intention Realized In Literary Discourse

2026-01-15T09:57:24+00:00

The article analyzes the concept of discourse from linguopragmatic and linguocultural perspectives. Through the study of speech acts and speech intention (intentio), the communicative and cognitive functions of the text, as well as linguistic and cultural elements in literary discourse, are examined. The research demonstrates the linguistic, cultural, and social aspects of discourse and highlights its role in shaping human perception and understanding.

Ai-Based Translation Systems: Opportunities And Challenges

2026-01-08T22:29:55+00:00

Thе аrtiсlе dеаls with the role of AI-based translation systems in modern translation practices, focusing on their opportunities and challenges. The research analyzes how artificial intelligence enhances translation speed, accessibility, and cost efficiency while also identifying key limitations such as semantic inaccuracies, lack of contextual awareness, and insufficient handling of culturally specific expressions. Special attention is given to the comparison between human translation and machine-assisted translation, highlighting the areas where AI systems perform effectively and where human intervention remains necessary. The findings suggest that while AI-based translation systems offer substantial benefits, they cannot fully replace human translators. Instead, an integrated approach combining artificial intelligence with human expertise is recommended to achieve higher translation quality and reliability.

Educating Female Students In The Spirit Of A Perfect And Spiritually Mature Person Through The Image Of Shirin

2026-01-20T03:27:46+00:00

This article analyzes the issue of educating schoolgirls in the spirit of an ideal woman and a spiritually mature individual through the image of Shirin, a heroine of Alisher Navoi’s epic Farhod and Shirin from the Khamsa. Shirin’s moral, spiritual, and aesthetic qualities are interpreted from a pedagogical perspective, and her significance for contemporary educational practice is substantiated.

Rendering Of English Physiological State Verbs In Uzbek Translations

2026-01-15T09:51:07+00:00

This article analyzes the lexical-semantic and grammatical features observed in the translation of English physiological state verbs into Uzbek. Physiological state verbs denote natural processes occurring in the human body, and their accurate translation plays an important role in ensuring semantic clarity and naturalness of expression. The article provides a comparative study of the semantic scope, usage characteristics, and Uzbek equivalents of verbs such as to breathe, to sweat, to tremble, to faint, and to blink. It is shown that in the translation process these verbs may be rendered either through direct lexical equivalence or by means of contextual reformulation. In addition, the study highlights the influence of verb valency, stylistic differences, connotative meanings, and additional grammatical devices in English and Uzbek. The research findings demonstrate that a comparative analysis and a context-based approach are essential for achieving adequacy, semantic correspondence, and naturalness of expression when translating physiological state verbs. The article serves as a practical guide for translators, linguists, and students engaged in translation studies.

The Place Of The Thermo-Tolǵov Genre In The Repertoire Of KíyasZhírovKayratdinov

2026-01-24T10:37:42+00:00

This article discusses the role of terma-tolgovs, which are expressed in Karakalpak folklore, in the formation of the Qiyas jirov repertoire.

Structural Characteristics Of Verb Phraseological Units

2026-01-08T22:21:21+00:00

This article is devoted to a comparative structural-semantic and linguocultural analysis of verbal phraseological units in Uzbek, Russian, and English. The primary aim of the study is to identify the dominant structural models of verbal phraseological units, examine their component composition, and determine their degree of grammatical stability. The research employs structural-semantic analysis, comparative-typological, descriptive, and contextual methods. The findings demonstrate that verbal phraseological units in each language are characterized by language-specific structural patterns, multi-layered semantics, and a high degree of cultural markedness.

The Role Of Construction-Synthesis Exercises In Teaching Text Structure

2026-01-18T13:18:57+00:00

The article highlights the methodological significance of the system of exercises in teaching text structure in native language lessons, a consistent and purposeful system of exercises in the formation of linguistic competencies in the process of working with text, the role and theoretical foundations of text composition, analysis, construction-synthesis exercises, and didactic possibilities in the process of text creation.

Interpretation Of Forehead and Eyebrow Movements in Different System Languages

2026-01-11T15:53:29+00:00

The article examines the duration of the muscle contraction underlying the eyebrow lift, which varies depending on the specifics of the situation: at the beginning of a communicative episode, this movement turns out to be longer than in the process of subsequent interaction. The study of the joint manifestation of various facial expressions revealed the presence of universal patterns inherent in all three analyzed cultures. The most typical facial component accompanying the raising of eyebrows is a smile. The antipode of the so—called “eyebrow flare”, both from the point of view of neuromuscular organization and from the point of view of semantic interpretation, is the work of the muscle, which ensures lowering of the eyebrows and their displacement to each other.

The Status Of Organizing Lessons Based On An Integrative Approach For Primary Students

2026-01-22T12:32:37+00:00

This article presents the state of organization of lessons based on an integrative approach for primary school students, the level of learning, and research conducted by scientists, and presents conclusions and recommendations based on scientific evidence. This annotation sheds light on the current state of organization of lessons based on an integrative approach for primary school students from a scientific and pedagogical perspective. In the modern educational process, an integrative approach plays an important role in ensuring interdisciplinary continuity, forming a holistic picture of the world in students, and comprehensively developing their knowledge, skills, and competencies. The study analyzes the content, methods and organizational forms of lessons based on the integration of the mother tongue, mathematics, natural sciences and reading in primary grades. Also, the level of training of teachers in organizing integrative lessons in practice, methodological support, and the use of interactive methods in the lesson process are studied. The results show that lessons organized on the basis of an integrative approach increase students' interest in knowledge, develop logical and critical thinking, and form the ability to connect knowledge with life. The abstract also provides existing problems and recommendations for their elimination, justifying the pedagogical importance of an integrative approach in increasing the effectiveness of primary education.

Traditions Of The Mushoara Genre In The Works Of Sayfi Sarayi

2026-01-07T08:11:53+00:00

Literature is one of the highest manifestations of human thought, aesthetic sensibility, and spiritual life. In the cultural heritage of every nation, literature occupies a special place, and classical literature, in particular, represents an invaluable treasury. Among the various genres formed within classical literature, the mushoara genre stands out for its distinctive artistic and aesthetic features, its spirit of creative competition, and its high regard for poetry. This genre served not only as a means for poets to demonstrate their artistic mastery, but also as a platform for testing the depth of their thought, richness of vocabulary, level of literary knowledge, and creative potential. Mushoara gatherings were commonly held at literary assemblies, royal courts, and creative circles, and they were regarded as significant cultural events of their time. This article examines the role and artistic-aesthetic characteristics of the mushoara genre in the works of Sayfi Sarayi, one of the prominent representatives of fourteenth-century classical Turkic literature. In the course of the study, the formal and thematic features of the genre are analyzed through examples of mushoaras included by Sayfi Sarayi in his translation of Saʿdi Shirazi’s Gulistan. In particular, the use of poetic devices such as meter, rhyme, radif, simile, metaphor, and tajnis, as well as the harmony of mystical and amorous themes in mushoaras conducted with poets such as Mawlana Qazi Muhsin, Mawlana Ishaq, Mawlana Imad Mawlavi, and Ahmad Khoja al-Sarayi, is examined on a scholarly basis. The article reveals the role of the mushoara genre in fostering creative competition, literary dialogue, and the continuity of artistic traditions. The findings demonstrate that Sayfi Sarayi’s mushoaras constitute an important source reflecting the literary milieu of the fourteenth century and play a significant role in the development of the mushoara genre within classical Turkic literature.

History Of Proverb Studies And Modern Paremiological Approaches

2026-01-17T06:45:16+00:00

This article analyzes the main stages in the history of the scientific study of proverbs as well as modern paremiological approaches. It highlights the formation of paremiology as an independent scholarly field beginning from the 19th century and examines the contributions of such scholars as Karl F. V. Wander, V. Dal, Archer Taylor, R. Norrick, and A. Prahlad to the study of proverbs. The article also discusses the scientific views of Wolfgang Mieder and Lutz Röhrich in contemporary paremiology, the concept of the “paremiological minimum,” and the functional significance of proverbs in social life. Proverbs are interpreted as important expressions of national mentality, cultural memory, and axiological value systems. Special attention is given to proverbs related to family relations and values, which are analyzed from a linguocultural perspective, revealing their educational and social importance.

Distinctive Features of Stress in The French Language

2026-01-11T15:46:40+00:00

This article provides a scientific analysis of the unique phonetic and prosodic characteristics of the French stress system. French differs from other languages in that stress tends to fall on syntagmatic and rhythmic units rather than on individual words. The study highlights that stress does not serve to distinguish lexical meaning in French; instead, it primarily manifests at the end of phrases and sentences and is intricately linked with intonation. The findings of this article have both theoretical and practical significance for teaching French, developing pronunciation skills, and in translation processes.

Tura Mirzayev’s Folklore Expedition Diary And Its Significance In Identifying Folk Bakhshis

2026-01-22T04:24:57+00:00

The article analyzes several entries from the personal diary kept by the scholar Tura Mirzayev, who made an enormous contribution to the development of Uzbek epic studies, during the folklore expedition organized in Surkhandarya region in 1973.

The Development Trends Of English And Uzbek Print Mass Media Texts

2026-01-16T10:53:59+00:00

This study examines the development trends of English and Uzbek print mass media texts within a comparative sociolinguistic and cultural framework. The research focuses on identifying stylistic, thematic, and functional characteristics of print media in both linguistic contexts, with particular attention to news and advertising discourse. Employing a mixed methodological approach that combines qualitative content analysis, statistical methods, and technological tools, the study explores how regional specificities, sociopolitical factors, and technological advancements shape media practices. The findings reveal both convergent and divergent trends, including the stronger integration of digital technologies and individual-centered narratives in English print media, contrasted with the preservation of traditional storytelling and community-oriented perspectives in Uzbek print publications. The study highlights the role of globalization in media hybridization and contributes to a deeper understanding of the sociocultural implications of print mass media evolution. The results offer valuable insights for media researchers, practitioners, and policymakers and provide a foundation for further cross-linguistic and cross-cultural media studies.

The Plot Of Alisher Navoi’s Stories

2026-01-11T15:30:40+00:00

The article discusses the plot of the stories presented in the epic “Saddi Iskandariy”, the fifth epic of Alisher Navoi’s “Xamsa”, which is one of the rare examples of our classical literature. Various plots of the stories are distinguished, the plot of the stories is analyzed and conclusions are drawn.

Using Pedagogical Teaching Technologies In Teaching The Letters “ه” And “ی” (Hoyi Havvaz And Yo)

2026-01-20T18:12:30+00:00

This article talks about the methodology of using modern pedagogical technologies in teaching the topic “ ه va ی (hoyi havvaz va yo) harflari ” from the science of Old Uzbek writing. The science of old Uzbek writing is currently taught as a specialty subject in the faculties of Uzbek language and literature of higher educational institutions of our country. In this article, we would like to talk about the interactive methods that can be used to open the content of practical exercises on the subject of “ه va ی (hoyi havvaz va yo) harflari” from the science of old Uzbek writing. In order to reveal the content of the article, scientific research works related to old Uzbek writing and literature were used.

The Illumination Of Sufi Doctrines In The Works Of Munis Xorezmi

2026-01-15T09:53:04+00:00

This article explores the illumination of Sufi concepts in Shermuhammad Munis’s works and examines aspects of the poet's skill in elucidating them. Samples of the poet’s works are analyzed. The spiritual stations of Sufism are explained through examples from the poet’s creative output.

A Critical Literary Study Of Marriage, Class, And Social Criticism In Jane Austen's “Pride And Prejudice”

2026-01-08T22:24:22+00:00

This article represents a single-case qualitative literary analysis, presented in the IMRaD format. This paper investigates, through close reading and reflective interpretation, the narrative patterns, character interactions, and moral development that are richly reflected in a nineteenth-century English novel. The focus has fallen on interpersonal relations, behavioral standards, and changes that take place within the main and secondary characters. It therefore points to the fact that personal values, emotional maturation, and social expectations act as firmly interlinked components to affect human choice and life consequences. The article has retained the original review text within the results section to preserve interpretative integrity, albeit situated within an appropriate academic framework for humanities research.

Literary Journalism InSirojiddin Sayyid’s Works: Harmony Of Genres, Thematic Scope, And Poetic Thought

2026-01-18T13:26:07+00:00

This article analyzes the role and significance of journalism in Sirojiddin Sayyid’s work, examining its intrinsic connection with artistic thinking. The genre system of the poet's journalism is explored through examples of essays, portrait articles, portrait sketches, and literary memoirs. The study scientifically elucidates the synthetic nature of artistic journalism as it bridges literature and journalism, highlighting its imagery, emotional expressiveness, and the active manifestation of the author’s persona. In Sirojiddin Sayyid's journalistic works, themes of homeland, history, the creative individual, and national identity are interpreted as central topics.

Negotiating Gender Through Language In Jane Austen’s Pride And Prejudice

2026-01-11T15:56:39+00:00

This study examines the intersection of feminist literary criticism and sociolinguistics in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. While traditional scholarship focuses on thematic elements of patriarchy, this paper investigates the linguistic mechanisms—specifically politeness strategies, modality, and irony—used by Elizabeth Bennet to negotiate gendered expectations. Drawing on Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory and Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis, the findings reveal that language serves as a primary site of resistance, allowing the protagonist to assert agency within the restrictive social hierarchies of the 19th century.

Semantic Analysis Of The Lexeme "Kuloq" In The Modern Uzbek Language, Cited In "Devonu Lug'otit-Turk"

2026-01-24T08:21:26+00:00

This article analyzes the polysemous aspects of the lexeme “kuloq” in Turkic languages and their semantic development in the modern Uzbek language based on the data from Mahmud Kashgari’s “Devonu lug‘otit-turk”. The main meanings and functions of each word in the 11th century were studied in comparison with the current meaning framework determined using modern corpora. The research results showed that the stable semantic core of this lexeme has been preserved, while a number of dynamic semantic layers have been formed around them during historical development. For example, the word “kuloq” has acquired several new meanings, such as handle, steering wheel, sprout, and its polysemantic scope has expanded further. The examples and references provided in the article illustrate a number of ancient and modern aspects of these words.

Trauma, Identity, And The Collapse Of The American Dream: An Interdisciplinary Reading Of Philip Roth’s American Pastoral

2026-01-08T22:18:04+00:00

According to recent advances in trauma theory, the Freudian approach of a sudden catastrophic event is challenged and, nowadays, trauma is viewed as a pluralistic, socially mediated process., Based on current research from the field of literary trauma studies, sociology, and moral psychology, this paper explores how Philip Roth’s American Pastoral (1997) turns the personal trauma of the individual into a societal crisis of cultural identity. The main theoritical framework for analysis are Judith Herman’s moral-psychological framework, Jeffrey Alexander’s sociology of cultural trauma, E. Ann Kaplan’s non-punctual trauma theory, and Michelle Balaev’s pluralistic model by which how familial, cultural, and narrative trauma are portrayed in the novel are explored. In the novel, trauma as a slow-burning system of repression with repercussions that go beyond the home to the national consciousness was depicted in the case of the Levov family. Symbolically, under the key scenes in the plot from Merry’s Levov’s stuttering, then bombing, to the challenges of Nathan Zuckerman’s narrative reconstruction, lay the main idea: “Swede” Levov’s “pastoral” myth is broken down because of the weight of its own ideals. This study incorporates contemporary interdisciplinary research on trauma, resilience, and cultural memory (Subica & Link 2021; Sonu et al. 2024; Bovey et al. 2025), and then, summarizes that in the example of American pastoral, the writer manages to establish a notion that trauma is not only a singular rupture, but also a relational process that connects the psyche, family, and nation.

Pragmatic Units Expressing Ideological (Faith-Based) Layers In The Speech Of Characters In Tohir Malik’s Works

2026-01-18T12:47:46+00:00

This article analyzes the pragmatic functions of religious and belief-based linguistic units in the speech of characters in the works of Uzbek writer Tohir Malik, with special reference to the novel “Farewell, Childhood”. The study explores how religious terms and expressions operate as pragmatic means to reveal characters’ worldview, moral values, and psychological states, while also supporting the author’s ideological and educational aims. Attention is given to the literal and figurative use of Islamic terminology and its role in enhancing the realism and spiritual depth of the narrative. From a linguistic perspective, the article highlights the importance of examining religious-Islamic lexicon in literary texts for the advancement of pragmatics and lexicographical studies. The findings confirm that religious pragmatic units in Tohir Malik’s works form a coherent and purposeful layer of artistic expression.